Seruni's Ramblings (5)

"The key figure in the Wayang Kulit show is Ki Dalang, who controls all aspects of the performance and has undergone extensive training to master manipulating the puppets, voicing characters, and coordinating with the musicians. Ki Dalang must deeply understand traditional stories, religious texts, and philosophical teachings. They also often serve as storytellers, philosophers, and spiritual guides.

The tree often appears as a central motif, representing life, growth, and interconnectedness. The tree is a metaphor for the universe and the cycle of life. Its roots represent the past and origins, the trunk symbolizes the present and human existence, and the branches and leaves denote the future and the potential for growth and evolution. It underscores the interconnectedness of all beings and the cyclical nature of life.

Then, Ki Dalang tells us, 'When Kyai Semar accompanied Prabu Krishna playing chess, Prabu asked him, 'How did the chess player propose to their partner, Kanda?'

Semar replied, 'They said, 'Checkmate, I've captured your heart!'

'What is your favourite chess piece?' asked Prabu.

'My favourite piece would be the Queen, Prabu,' Semar responded. 'The Queen is powerful and versatile, capable of moving any number of squares vertically, horizontally, or diagonally. It's often considered the most dynamic and influential piece on the board.

After the Queen, I would choose the Knight as the second best piece. Knights have a unique movement pattern, jumping over other pieces, which can sometimes surprise opponents and create tactical opportunities. Their ability to control squares that other pieces can't reach makes them valuable in both offense and defense.

Then, I would choose the Rook as my third favourite piece. Rooks are powerful in open files and can quickly dominate the board in the endgame. Their ability to move horizontally and vertically across the board makes them essential for controlling key positions and executing strategic plans.

Bishops are strong in long diagonals and can exert influence across the board. They complement the Rooks well in controlling different colour complexes of squares. While the King is central to the game's objective—avoiding checkmate, it is not as versatile in movement and influence compared to other pieces until the endgame when it becomes more active. Pawns are fundamental for controlling the centre and can promote to more powerful pieces, but individually they have limited movement and attacking capabilities compared to the other pieces.'

'Is there any connection between 'the chess Queen' and 'a magnet'?' Prabu asked again.

Semar responded, 'Similar to how a magnet attracts metal objects, the Chess Queen exerts influence over the board through her ability to move freely and threaten multiple directions. Her presence can draw attention and influence opponents' decisions. Just as magnets play a central role in magnetic fields, the Queen is often central to a player's strategy in Chess. She can pivot quickly between offence and defence, shaping the dynamics of the game. Both magnets and the Queen are versatile in their contexts. Magnets can exhibit different polarities and strengths, while the Queen can manoeuvre across the board in various ways, adapting to different game situations.

These parallels illustrate how metaphorical connections can be drawn between seemingly unrelated domains, enriching our understanding and appreciation of both Chess strategy and the principles of magnetism,' then he moved the Queen's followed by the Sinden's cakepan."

"You might have heard that a hostage-taker in the digital world. It captures your important files and demands a ransom for their release, much like a criminal holding a person hostage for money. Much like a kidnapper who takes a person and demands a ransom for their return, ransomware seizes your data and holds it hostage for a financial payout.

Imagine a thief who breaks into your house and replaces all the locks, demanding you pay for the new keys. Ransomware does the digital equivalent, locking up your files and demanding payment for the decryption key. Ransomware acts like an invisible thief that sneaks into your computer, locks up your data, and leaves a ransom note demanding payment, all without you noticing until it’s too late. Similar to pirates who capture ships and demand a ransom, ransomware attackers hijack your digital files and hold them for ransom," Seruni went on while looking at numerous lines of green code were falling in a computer monitor. It looked like an alternative reality, but it was Japanese sushi recipes. Without the code, there was no Matrix.

"Ransomware is a type of malicious software (malware) designed to block access to a computer system or encrypt its data until a ransom is paid. Ransomware typically infects a system through phishing emails, malicious attachments, compromised websites, or exploiting software vulnerabilities. Once inside the system, it encrypts files, making them inaccessible to the user. If the ransom is paid, the attackers may (or may not) provide a decryption key to restore access to the files. No guarantee paying will result in getting your data back.

AIDS Trojan (PC Cyborg) in 1989, often considered the first ransomware, the AIDS Trojan was distributed via floppy disks to attendees of a WHO AIDS conference. It hid directories and encrypted file names, demanding a ransom of $189 to a PO Box in Panama for decryption instructions. In 2005, Archievus was one of the early examples of modern ransomware, it encrypted files in the 'My Documents' folder and demanded payment to decrypt them. In 2006, GPcode began encrypting files using weak RSA encryption, demanding payment in exchange for a decryption tool.

In 2011, known as police ransomware, Reveton locked screens and displayed fake warnings from law enforcement agencies, demanding fines to unlock the system. In 2013, CryptoLocker, Marked a significant shift with its use of strong RSA encryption. Spread via email attachments, it demanded Bitcoin for decryption keys and became a major threat. In 2014, CryptoWall, an evolution of CryptoLocker, used Tor for communication and demanded higher ransoms, causing significant damage globally.

In 2016, spread through malicious email attachments, Locky was notable for targeting hospitals and businesses, demanding ransoms in Bitcoin. In 2017, WannaCry was a global ransomware attack that affected over 230,000 computers in 150 countries. It exploited a Windows vulnerability (EternalBlue) and demanded Bitcoin payments for decryption keys. Also in 2017, initially disguised as ransomware, NotPetya encrypted files but also damaged systems irreparably. It targeted organizations in Ukraine but spread globally, causing billions in damages.

Ransomware remains a serious cybersecurity threat, with attackers constantly developing new techniques to bypass security measures and extort money from victims. During 2022-2023, Double Extortion is an increasingly common tactic where attackers not only encrypt data but also exfiltrate it, threatening to leak it if the ransom is not paid. In 2024, AI-enhanced ransomware trends include the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance ransomware capabilities, making detection and defence more challenging.

Ransomware continues to evolve, with new strains emerging frequently, targeting critical infrastructure, healthcare, and governmental institutions globally. The ongoing challenge is to develop robust defences and educate users to minimize the impact of these malicious attacks.

The most common motive behind ransomware attacks is financial. Cybercriminals use ransomware to extort money from victims, often demanding payment in cryptocurrencies to remain anonymous. Some ransomware attacks aim to disrupt operations or cause damage, rather than directly seeking financial gain. In some cases, ransomware may be used as a tool for espionage, where attackers use it to mask the theft of sensitive information. Hacktivists or politically motivated groups may use ransomware to further their ideological causes or protest against entities they oppose.

Some individuals might develop and deploy ransomware as a form of ethical hacking to expose vulnerabilities and highlight the need for better security practices. However, this is highly controversial and often illegal without explicit permission. There are rare cases where individuals or groups may use ransomware to raise awareness about security issues or to encourage victims to adopt better security practices. These actions are usually done to inform or help, but they can still cause significant harm and are often illegal. Some attackers claim their actions are meant to redistribute wealth or support causes. While these motivations might be framed as intending good, the methods involve illegal activities and cause harm.

There have been instances where ransomware groups claimed to have good intentions, such as using funds for charitable purposes or exposing the vulnerabilities of a target to prompt better security. Security experts sometimes create controlled ransomware environments to teach cybersecurity best practices and response strategies. This is usually done in a safe, educational context without causing real harm.

Even if the intentions behind a ransomware attack are claimed to be good, the act itself is harmful and illegal. It causes disruption, financial loss, and stress to victims. The end does not justify the means, especially when it involves criminal activity and harms innocent parties. Deploying ransomware, even with claimed good intentions, is illegal in most jurisdictions. Unauthorized access to systems, data encryption without consent, and demands for ransom are criminal activities, regardless of the purported motive.

While the vast majority of ransomware attacks are driven by malicious and self-serving motives, there are rare instances where attackers claim to have good intentions. However, the nature of ransomware inherently involves harm and illegal actions, making any claimed positive intent ethically and legally questionable.

Recently, Indonesia’s National Data Center (Pusat Data Nasional or PDN), operated by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, fell victim to ransomware criminals. The attack disrupted services for at least 210 institutions, impacting digital services for immigration, visas, passports, and residence permits. The attackers demanded a hefty ransom of 131 billion Rupiah (approximately $8 million), but it remains uncertain whether the government will pay.

Indonesia has faced several notable cyberattacks in recent years. In 2022, a hacker known as Bjorka exposed 1.3 billion Indonesian SIM card registration profiles for sale. These profiles included National ID Card Numbers (NIK), telephone numbers, provider names, and registration dates. The breach highlighted vulnerabilities in Indonesia’s cybersecurity system .

In 2021, the Indonesian Ministry of Health created a COVID-19 test-and-trace app called the Electronic Health Alert Card (eHAC). This app was mandatory for anyone flying into Indonesia from another country, including both foreigners and Indonesian citizens. Its purpose was to track travelers’ health status, personal information, contact details, and COVID-19 test results. However, cybersecurity researchers from vpnMentor discovered that the eHAC app lacked proper data privacy protocols. As a result, an unsecured Elasticsearch database exposed sensitive data from over 1.3 million eHAC users. The exposed information included passport details, addresses, health history, and COVID-19 test results. The breach raised concerns about data security and privacy. In the same year, a massive data breach affected Indonesia’s Health Care and Social Security Agency (BPJS Kesehatan), which manages the country’s universal healthcare program. Personal data of 279 million Indonesians were allegedly leaked and traded on an online forum called raidsforum.com. The leaked data included citizenship identity numbers, identity cards, phone numbers, email addresses, names, home addresses, and even salaries.

In March 2020, a significant data breach affected more than 15 million user accounts on Tokopedia, Indonesia’s largest e-commerce platform. In 2017, the Indonesian ride-hailing and multi-service platform Gojek faced major security flaws that were exposed by an Indian security firm called Fallible.

XMRig, an open-source crypto-mining tool, has been increasingly exploited for malicious purposes. In the past six months, it accounted for 20% of all attacks targeting Indonesian organizations. These attacks involve the unauthorized use of computing resources to mine the cryptocurrency Monero (XMR). Cybercriminals deploy XMRig to hijack victims’ systems and generate cryptocurrency without their knowledge or consent.

Several factors could contribute to such an incident, including potential weaknesses in cybersecurity, insider threats, and broader systemic challenges. It might be the data centre has had insufficient cybersecurity measures in place, making it an attractive target for attackers. there are some possible factors i.e. Outdated Systems: use of legacy systems that are not adequately patched against known vulnerabilities; Weak Encryption: lack of strong encryption for sensitive data, making it easier for attackers to exploit; Poor Network Segmentation: insufficient segmentation of networks, allowing attackers to move laterally across systems.

Employees and officials might not have received adequate training on recognizing and responding to cybersecurity threats. Lack of awareness could lead to employees falling victim to phishing emails, which are common entry points for ransomware. Employees may not be trained to handle ransomware incidents effectively. Insiders with malicious intent or those who are compromised could also facilitate an attack.

The attack could have been carried out by sophisticated external threat actors targeting the data centre for financial or political gain. It might also reflect broader issues with government policies and funding related to cybersecurity. It could have exploited vulnerabilities in third-party vendors or service providers associated with the data centre.

Regional tensions and geopolitical dynamics might make national data centres attractive targets for state-sponsored attacks. Failure to comply with international or local cybersecurity standards and regulations could lead to vulnerabilities. A lack of understanding or underestimation of the threat level could lead to inadequate preparation and defences.

The more likely scenario for ransomware attacks on government infrastructure is a combination of external threats, internal vulnerabilities, and sometimes even insider threats. It is essential to approach such situations with a focus on improving cybersecurity defences, ensuring transparency, and fostering trust among all stakeholders.

Ransomware is a serious and growing threat to Indonesia, affecting a wide range of sectors and leading to substantial financial and operational impacts. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that includes strengthening cybersecurity infrastructure, enhancing regulatory frameworks, and fostering greater awareness and cooperation across all sectors.

We are still discussing some issues in Indonesia, biidhnillah."

Before moving on, Seruni read poetry,

In the age of tech, with no sense of plight,

The government's data vanished overnight.

Ransomware laughed, while leaders did sigh,

Security promises turned out a lie.

With coffers empty and no data in sight,

Their digital blunder took flight.

The one there said, "It's a matter of governance!"

Those here complain, "It's stupidity!"

Citations & References:

- Allan Liska, Ransomware: Understand. Prevent. Recover., 2023, Recorded Future

- Allan Liska and Timothy Gallo, Ransomware: Defending Against Digital Extortion, 217, O’Reilly Media

- P. W. Singer & Allan Friedman, Cybersecurity and Cyberwar, 2014, Oxford University Press

- Roger A. Grimes, Hacking the Hacker: Learn from the Experts Who Take Down Hackers, 2017, Wiley

[Episode 6]

[Episode 4]

Bahasa

Seruni's Ramblings (4)

"Stories in Pewayangan (the realm of Wayang) include local legends and historical events, often carrying moral or ethical lessons. They emphasise that balance and harmony are essential. The stories frequently impart lessons on morality, justice, and the importance of virtue. They serve as allegories for real-life dilemmas and ethical choices. Wayang can also address contemporary issues, integrating modern themes such as social justice, politics, and environmental concerns into traditional narratives. Modern technology and media are supposed to be used to introduce this art form to younger generations and international audiences.

So, our Ki Dalang then tells us, 'When Petruk was crowned to be a King, he ordered a ladder brought up to the meeting. His ministers were surprised and asked, 'Why did you bring a ladder to the meeting, Kang Mulya?'

'To address the high-level issues!' replied the Panembahan followed by the sound of Ki Dalang's keprak."

"Effective planning that benefits all can be likened to the well-balanced scale: a perfectly balanced scale of equitable planning ensures no group bears an undue burden. It distributes benefits fairly, lifting everyone. Or the nourishing tree: just as a healthy tree provides shade, fruit, and oxygen to all, thoughtful planning nurtures communities, offering essential services and opportunities. Or the inclusive dance: imagine a harmonious dance where every step matters. Inclusive planning invites everyone to participate, creating a vibrant, interconnected city. Or the shared buffet: a well-planned city resembles a diverse buffet—ample choices for all. Housing, education, green spaces, and jobs are accessible to everyone. Or the compassionate compass: effective planning guides us toward compassion, empathy, and understanding. It points to solutions that uplift the entire community. In essence, good planning benefits all, leaving no one behind," said Seruni while looking at the Garuda statue in Pancasila Sakti Monument.

"Governments in some countries move their capital cities for a variety of reasons, balancing numerous strategic, economic, environmental, and cultural considerations. The decision is usually aimed at addressing pressing national issues and fostering long-term development goals. Moving a capital city is a momentous and complex decision made by the government. Various reasons can drive this choice, often combining political, economic, environmental, and social factors. Moving the capital can help to decentralize political power and reduce congestion in the current capital. It often aims to distribute resources more evenly across the country. The current capital might be vulnerable to natural disasters, terrorist attacks, or geopolitical threats. Moving the capital can enhance national security. A new capital can symbolize a break from the past, such as post-colonial transitions or regime changes. It may represent a new beginning or a commitment to national unity.

Establishing a new capital can stimulate economic growth in underdeveloped regions. It can attract investments, create jobs, and improve infrastructure in areas that may have been neglected. Existing capitals may suffer from overcrowding, traffic congestion, pollution, and overburdened infrastructure. Moving the capital can help alleviate these issues and reduce the strain on the existing city.

If the current capital is prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, or rising sea levels, relocating the capital can be a preventive measure to safeguard government functions and national stability. Some governments may move their capitals to locations less vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as rising temperatures and changing weather patterns.

A more centrally located capital can facilitate better governance and communication across the country. It can ensure that government services and infrastructure are more accessible to a broader segment of the population. A new capital can be planned with modern infrastructure, including better transportation networks, administrative buildings, and communication systems, enhancing efficiency.

Moving the capital can help in promoting a more inclusive national identity, particularly in countries with diverse ethnic or cultural backgrounds. If the current capital holds significant historical or cultural sites, relocating the capital can help preserve these areas from urban pressures and developmental encroachment.

Some examples of capital relocations include Brazil, which moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília in 1960 to promote economic development in the interior of the country and reduce regional inequalities. Nigeria moved its capital from Lagos to Abuja in 1991 to promote neutrality and centrality in a diverse nation and reduce congestion in Lagos. Kazakhstan relocated its capital from Almaty to Astana (now Nur-Sultan) in 1997 for strategic and economic reasons, including better positioning for future growth and development.

The dream of relocating the capital city is not as easy as snapping the fingers. While capital relocations offer benefits, they also come with downsides. Moving capital city involves massive expenses—infrastructure, government buildings, and housing for officials. It can strain the economy. Building a new capital city is an expensive undertaking, involving substantial financial resources for construction and relocation. Moving capital city can disrupt local communities, displacing people and altering the social fabric. The success of a new capital requires long-term commitment and continuous investment, which can be challenging for some governments.

Citizens face upheaval—relocating homes, jobs, and schools. Familiarity with the old capital is lost. Citizens’ reactions to capital relocations may varied. Some supported the moves, seeing them as progress and symbols of national development. Others resisted due to sentimental attachment to the old capital or concerns about disruption. Overall, these decisions sparked debates and shaped each country’s identity.

The old capital holds historical and cultural significance. Relocation risks erasing part of a nation’s heritage. Cultural heritage played a significant role in citizens’ reactions to capital relocations. People often feel emotionally connected to their old capital due to historical events, memories, and cultural landmarks. Moving the capital disrupts this attachment. Capitals represent a nation’s identity. Citizens associate cultural symbols, traditions, and heritage with the existing capital. Relocating can evoke feelings of loss or change, leading to political tensions and debates.

Building a new capital takes time. Infrastructure gaps may persist during the transition. It require careful planning to mitigate these downsides.

There have been several cases where attempts to relocate capital cities either failed or resulted in negative impacts. These failures can stem from a variety of issues such as financial burdens, logistical challenges, social discontent, and unintended economic consequences.

Myanmar (Burma), the capital was moved from Yangon to Naypyidaw in 2005, reportedly for strategic reasons and to escape the congested and vulnerable Yangon. The development of Naypyidaw was largely funded by the Myanmar government itself. While China has been a significant investor in Myanmar's infrastructure projects, Naypyidaw's relocation and development were primarily driven by domestic political and strategic considerations.

Despite substantial investments, Naypyidaw remains underpopulated with a large portion of the city being uninhabited and unused. The city is geographically isolated and lacks the vibrancy and economic activity seen in Yangon, leading to limited economic opportunities. Many citizens and civil servants are reluctant to move due to the lack of amenities and social infrastructure.

Malaysia, the capital relocated to Putrajaya to reduce congestion in Kuala Lumpur and create a more centralized administrative hub. Putrajaya was predominantly funded by the Malaysian government through the national budget and specific development agencies. The development of Putrajaya has been extremely costly, leading to concerns about economic feasibility. Many government employees and businesses have been hesitant to move, leading to slower-than-expected population growth and limited economic activity. The financial burden of constructing and maintaining Putrajaya has raised questions about its impact on national finances.

Nigeria, moved from Lagos to Abuja in 1991 to reduce congestion in Lagos and to provide a more neutral and centrally located capital. The relocation and development of Abuja were funded by the Nigerian government, with support from various international partners including China. The relocation has not significantly alleviated the congestion and economic disparities in Lagos. The cost of developing Abuja has been immense, and the financial strain has impacted other areas of national development. The economic burden and incomplete infrastructure issues are related to Nigeria’s internal budget constraints and planning challenges rather than external investment. Some parts of Abuja still lack essential infrastructure, leading to challenges in achieving its intended role as a fully functioning capital.

Kazakhstan, moved from Almaty to Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana) in 1997 to promote economic development and reduce the strategic vulnerability of Almaty. The development of Nur-Sultan was heavily funded by the Kazakh government using revenues from the country's natural resources, particularly oil and gas. Nur-Sultan faces harsh weather conditions, making it less attractive for residents and businesses. The development of the city has been costly, putting a strain on the country’s finances. The city has struggled to attract a large population, leading to issues with underutilized infrastructure and services.

Tanzania, the capital was moved from Dar es-Salaam to Dodoma in 1973 to promote development in the central region and ease congestion in Dar es Salaam. The relocation to Dodoma has been a long-term project funded by the Tanzanian government, with sporadic support from international partners incl. China. The relocation has been slow, with many government functions still based in Dar-es-Salaam. Dodoma has not matched Dar es-Salaam in terms of economic development and opportunities. Development in Dodoma has lagged, and the city lacks the infrastructure to support its role as a capital. The slow development and insufficient infrastructure are tied to Tanzania’s internal planning and budgetary constraints.

While the relocation of capital can offer potential benefits, it is fraught with risks and challenges that require careful planning, sufficient funding, and consideration of the broader social and economic impacts. Relocating a capital city requires enormous financial resources. Mismanagement or underestimation of costs can lead to significant economic strain.

People often resist moving to new capitals due to attachment to their current homes, lack of infrastructure, and the isolation of new locations. Harsh climates, remote locations, and poor planning can also lead to practical difficulties in making new capitals functional and livable. New capitals can suffer from underdeveloped infrastructure as well, making it difficult to attract residents and businesses, and thus failing to achieve the intended economic benefits. Moving a capital does not always alleviate congestion or economic disparities in the original capital. In some cases, it may even exacerbate issues by diverting resources.

A good capital city can be likened to the heartbeat, just as the heart pumps life-giving blood throughout the body, a capital city pulses with energy, governance, and cultural vibrancy. Or the beacon, like a lighthouse guiding ships through stormy seas, a capital city illuminates a nation’s path, symbolizing hope, unity, and progress. Or the grand stage, a capital city that hosts the nation’s theatre—a place where history, politics, and culture unfold on a magnificent scale. Or like the melting pot, much like a bubbling cauldron, a capital blends diverse ingredients—people, ideas, and traditions—into a rich cultural stew. Or the nerve centre, just as nerves transmit signals, a capital city connects regions, decisions, and aspirations, ensuring the smooth functioning of a country. In essence, a good capital city embodies vitality, purpose, and unity.

On the contrary, a less-than-ideal capital city can be described as the dead end, like a cul-de-sac with no escape, a bad capital city stifles progress, trapping its citizens in inefficiency and stagnation. Or the broken compass, a misguided capital lacks direction, leading the nation astray—its compass needle spinning aimlessly. Or the echo chamber, much like a room where voices bounce off walls, a poor capital city isolates itself from diverse perspectives, perpetuating flawed policies. Or the leaky roof, a dysfunctional capital fails to protect its citizens—like a leaky roof during a storm, allowing problems to seep through. Or like the fading beacon, once bright, a deteriorating capital loses its luster, casting shadows instead of guiding the way. In essence, a bad capital city hinders progress, lacks vision, and fails to serve its people.

The development of Indonesia’s new capital city, Nusantara, has faced numerous challenges and failures that threaten to undermine its success. This ambitious project, intended to relocate the capital from Jakarta to East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo has encountered significant obstacles.

The project, with an estimated cost of $32 billion, has struggled to secure adequate funding. The government’s budget constraints have led to delays and scaling back of plans. Efforts to attract private investment have been met with scepticism due to concerns over political stability, regulatory issues, and the project's long-term viability.

Initial estimates have been mostly exceeded due to inflation, supply chain issues, and unexpected expenditures. This has led to financial mismanagement and budget overruns. Poor planning and corruption have resulted in inefficient allocation of resources, further straining the project’s budget.

The construction of Nusantara has led to extensive deforestation in Borneo, a region known for its rich biodiversity. This has raised concerns about habitat destruction and loss of species. The large-scale deforestation and construction activities contribute to significant carbon emissions, undermining Indonesia’s commitments to climate change mitigation.

The new capital region faces challenges in water supply due to deforestation and changing rainfall patterns, potentially leading to water scarcity for the new city's inhabitants. Alterations to the landscape have increased the risk of flooding, exacerbating the environmental impact of the project and endangering future developments.

The project has led to the displacement of local and indigenous communities, disrupting their livelihoods and cultural practices. Many affected residents have received inadequate compensation and support, leading to social unrest and legal disputes.

Construction activities threaten local cultural heritage sites, leading to a loss of historical and cultural identity for the region. The influx of new residents and construction workers has disrupted local cultures and social structures, potentially created tensions and conflicts.

The project has been hampered by complex and slow processes. The project has faced uncertainty due to shifting political priorities and leadership changes, affecting continuity and commitment to the project. There is also compelling opposition from various political groups and civil society organizations, citing concerns over environmental impact, financial feasibility, and social justice.

The new capital lacks essential infrastructure such as roads, public transport, and utilities, leading to logistical challenges and poor living conditions. The planning phase did not adequately address key issues such as environmental sustainability, social impact, and economic integration, resulting in a flawed project execution.

Critics argue that the projected economic benefits of Nusantara are overly optimistic and unlikely to justify the enormous investment. The relocation of the capital could disrupt economic activities in other regions, leading to imbalances and inefficiencies. The project’s focus on rapid development has overlooked sustainability, raising concerns about long-term environmental impacts and resource depletion. The economic model of the new capital may not be sustainable in the long run, especially if it fails to attract sufficient business and population growth.

The relocation to East Kalimantan, a region with important ethnic and political tensions, poses risks to the stability and security of the new capital. The project has exacerbated regional disparities, with concerns that the new capital will divert resources and attention from other underdeveloped regions. The involvement of foreign companies in the project has led to concerns about sovereignty, economic dependency, and geopolitical influence. The environmental impact of the project has drawn international criticism, potentially straining Indonesia’s diplomatic relations with environmental and regional partners.

The Nusantara project, while ambitious, has faced serious hurdles that highlight the complexities of such a large-scale endeavour. Financial constraints, environmental degradation, social displacement, bureaucratic inefficiency, and doubts about economic viability pose major challenges to its success. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive planning, transparent governance, and a commitment to sustainable development that balances the needs of people, the economy, and the environment.

Now, imagine that Nusantara’s budget as a treasure chest with a big hole in the bottom, where every time you toss in a gold coin, it rolls out and falls into a bureaucratic abyss. Nusantara’s funding is like a beggar dreaming of a golden palace, relying on pennies from sceptical passersby who wonder if this dream is worth their spare change. Building Nusantara is like riding the Money Pit Express, where the ticket price keeps doubling every mile, and the destination remains a distant mirage. Imagine trying to fund a city by breaking open a bureaucrat’s piggy bank, only to find it filled with monopoly money.

Nusantara’s development is like conducting a symphony with chainsaws, where the melody of nature is drowned out by the discordant roar of deforestation. The new capital is like the final serenade in a once lush rainforest, where the trees bow out to make way for a sprawling, unplanned concrete jungle.

Water resources for Nusantara are like a dry well, where every attempt to draw sustenance is met with the echo of empty promises and parched earth. Building Nusantara is like rolling dice in a game where the prize is a flood risk, and the consolation is a landslide, ensuring everyone loses.

Relocating communities for Nusantara is like forcing a nomad to settle in a theme park, where every tent is a ticket booth and cultural heritage is an inconvenient obstacle course. Compensation for displaced communities is like building a ghost town out of empty promises, where the only residents are whispers of justice and fairness that never materialize. Nusantara’s construction is like driving a bulldozer through a time machine, erasing ancient cultural landmarks in a rush to pave over history with forgettable modernity. Imagine cultural heritage as a delicate house of cards, easily toppled by the gust of progress blowing from Nusantara’s construction sites.

Navigating Nusantara’s development is like wandering through a labyrinth of red tape, where every turn leads to another bureaucratic dead end filled with pointless paperwork. The project’s management is like a never-ending ride. Nusantara’s future is as uncertain as a pendulum swinging wildly in the halls of politics, where each new government changes direction, leaving the city in perpetual limbo.

Investing in Nusantara is like throwing money into a black hole, where the return on investment is as elusive as light escaping from the event horizon. The economic promises of Nusantara are like a gold-plated albatross, impressive and costly, but ultimately a burden that drags down any hope of genuine prosperity.

Nusantara’s sustainability claims are like an environmental mirage, appearing green and lush from afar but turning into a desert of broken pledges up close. The city’s economic model is like walking a tightrope over a pit of quicksand, where one misstep in sustainability could mean sinking into irreversible failure. The project is like a reverse Robin Hood, robbing resources from struggling regions to lavish upon a new city that promises much but delivers little.

Attracting foreign investment for Nusantara is like selling shares in a sinking ship, where potential investors are more interested in jumping overboard than buying in. The environmental impact of Nusantara is like a diplomatic hot potato, tossed around by international critics who blame it for its failures.

The tale of Nusantara is one of grand ambitions overshadowed by financial mismanagement, environmental degradation, social upheaval, and political instability. It’s a saga where every step forward seems to be matched by two steps back, and where the dream of a new, thriving capital often appears more like a distant mirage than a tangible reality. The project serves as a cautionary tale about the complexities and challenges of building a new city from scratch, particularly in a context rife with economic, environmental, and social hurdles. Public opposition to the project is like a soapbox circus, where every performer has a different gripe, but they all agree that the main act—Nusantara—is a TikTok joke.

We'll still be on the Indonesian topic in the next episode, biidhnillah."

Seruni then sang,

My head's underwater

But I'm breathing fine

You're crazy and I'm out of my mind *)

Citations & References:

- Vadim Rossman, Capital Cities: Varieties and Patterns of Development and Relocation, 2017, Routledge

- David Walters, Designing Community: Charrettes, Masterplans and form-based Codes, 2007, Elsevier

- Pablo Baisotti (Ed.), New Global Cities in Latin America and Asia: Welcome to the Twenty-First Century, 2022, University of Michigan Press

- David L.A. Gordon (Ed.), Planning Twentieth Century Capital Cities, 2006, Routledge

*) "All of Me" written by John Stephens & Tobias Gad

[Episode 5]

[Episode 3]

Bahasa

Seruni's Ramblings (3)

"In the Wayang Kulit show, the puppets cast shadows on a screen called kelir, which the audience views. The puppet itself represents the physical body, while the shadow symbolizes the soul or spiritual essence. It highlights the belief in the duality of existence, where the material world (the puppet) is merely a shadow or reflection of the spiritual reality (the shadow on the screen). It emphasizes the importance of the inner self and spiritual enlightenment over physical appearances. Wayang performances bridge the material world (the puppets) and the spiritual realm (the stories and rituals). The Dalang (puppeteer) acts as a conduit, connecting both realms during the show. The Dalang controls the entire Wayang Kulit performance, manipulating the puppets and voicing the characters. The Dalang can be seen as a metaphor for the divine creator or the force of destiny, guiding the lives and actions of individuals (puppets). This reflects the belief in a higher power that orchestrates the events of the universe and the idea that life is a performance on the stage of existence.

Our Ki Dalang then tells us, 'Semar, a beloved punakawan character, is known for his wit and wisdom. In one story, Semar slips on a banana peel and falls comically. Instead of getting angry, he laughs and says, 'Well, even the banana peel has its destiny!'

'Yes, anything can happen!' said Ki Dalang, knocking his cempala on the puppet box, creating rhythmic sounds."

"Like in Wayang holds symbolism and allegory, good infrastructure can be likened to the spine of civilization, providing the essential support that allows all other functions of society to operate smoothly and efficiently. It's the nervous system that transmits the signals of growth and development throughout the country, ensuring that every region and sector functions in harmony and responds swiftly to opportunities and challenges," Seruni went on while looking at the picture of the San Fransisco Bridge.

"Good infrastructure acts like the circulatory system of the economy, efficiently pumping the lifeblood of commerce and connectivity through the arteries and veins of roads, railways, and networks. It’s the lifeline that sustains and nurtures development, ensuring that resources, goods, and services flow freely and reach every corner of the nation.

Good infrastructure is like the bedrock upon which the edifice of progress is built, providing a stable and enduring foundation that supports sustainable development. It serves as the pillars that uphold the structures of advancement, bearing the weight of economic activities and social development. Good infrastructure acts as a catalyst for innovation, providing the necessary framework that allows new technologies and ideas to flourish and be implemented effectively. It is the powerhouse that drives economic growth, supplying the energy and momentum needed to propel a nation forward into new realms of success and achievement.

Good infrastructure is like a well-maintained highway that leads directly to prosperity, reducing travel time and costs, and opening up new avenues for growth and opportunity. It acts as bridges that span the gaps between regions and communities, facilitating the exchange of ideas, goods, and services, and fostering greater unity and progress. Good infrastructure acts as a shield that provides stability and resilience, protecting society from the disruptions and uncertainties of natural disasters and economic fluctuations. It serves as an anchor that keeps the ship of society steady and secure, ensuring that even in turbulent times, there is a firm and reliable foundation to hold on to.

Good infrastructure is like a blank canvas that invites the dreams and aspirations of a nation, providing the backdrop upon which the future is painted with broad and vibrant strokes. It acts as stepping stones that allow individuals and communities to cross the rivers of challenges and reach the shores of success and prosperity.

Good infrastructure is like fertile soil that nurtures the seeds of development, allowing them to take root and flourish into a robust and thriving economy. It acts as a diligent gardener, carefully tending to the fields of opportunity and ensuring that the fruits of progress and prosperity are harvested in abundance.

Good infrastructure is like a conductor of an orchestra, ensuring that every instrument, from roads to railways to power grids, plays in perfect harmony to create a symphony of efficient and coordinated development. It serves as a weaver that interlaces the threads of society, creating a cohesive and unified tapestry that enhances connectivity and fosters a sense of shared purpose.

Good infrastructure is like a beacon that lights the path towards a sustainable and resilient future, guiding the nation with its steady and reliable glow. It acts as a custodian that preserves the legacy of progress and ensures that the benefits of development are protected and passed on to future generations.

Indonesia’s infrastructure has long been a critical issue, impacting the country’s economic development, social equity, and overall quality of life. While there have been significant efforts to improve infrastructure, several failures and challenges continue to hinder progress.

Despite recent increases, Indonesia’s investment in infrastructure has historically been insufficient. Limited budget allocations constrain the ability to develop and maintain essential infrastructure. There is a significant gap between the required infrastructure funding and the actual budget available. This shortfall hampers large-scale projects and maintenance.

While the government seeks private sector involvement through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), regulatory hurdles, and investment risks often deter private investors. Infrastructure projects frequently face funding inconsistencies, leading to delays and incomplete projects.

Infrastructure projects often overlook environmental sustainability, leading to issues such as deforestation, pollution, and habitat destruction. There is a lack of emphasis on designing infrastructure that is sustainable and resilient to climate change and other environmental pressures.

Infrastructure development is heavily concentrated in major urban areas like in Java, leaving rural and remote areas underserved. This concentration exacerbates regional disparities and limits economic opportunities in less-developed regions.

Corruption leads to the misallocation of resources, inflated project costs, and substandard construction quality. It undermines the effectiveness of infrastructure investments. Lack of transparency in project bidding and execution creates opportunities for corruption and inefficiency.

Major cities suffer from severe traffic congestion due to inadequate road networks and lack of public transportation options. Many roads, especially in rural areas, are in poor condition due to lack of maintenance and substandard construction practices.

Public transportation systems are limited in coverage and capacity, failing to meet the needs of a growing urban population. Issues such as outdated infrastructure, poor management, and lack of investment hinder the effectiveness of public transportation.

Despite progress, many regions still experience power shortages and unreliable electricity supply, affecting businesses and households. Heavy reliance on coal and other fossil fuels for electricity generation poses sustainability and environmental challenges. Renewable energy development faces significant policy and regulatory challenges. Insufficient investment in renewable energy infrastructure limits the country’s ability to transition to cleaner energy sources.

Many areas, particularly in rural regions, struggle with access to clean and safe drinking water due to inadequate infrastructure and poor management. Water sources are often polluted due to industrial activities, inadequate waste management, and lack of proper sanitation facilities. A serious portion of the population lacks access to adequate sanitation facilities, leading to public health issues and environmental contamination. Gaps in sewage and wastewater treatment infrastructure exacerbate water pollution and health risks.

There is a compelling digital divide between urban and rural areas, with rural regions having limited access to high-speed internet and digital services. Insufficient investment in digital infrastructure in remote areas limits economic opportunities and access to information. The quality of telecommunications services is often inconsistent, with frequent disruptions and limited coverage in certain areas. There is a need for continuous investment in upgrading technology to keep pace with growing demand and technological advancements.

The failures in Indonesia’s infrastructure are multifaceted, involving issues of inefficiency, corruption, inadequate planning, regional disparities, maintenance challenges, and sustainability concerns.

The development of infrastructure projects such as toll roads, high-speed trains, and airports in Indonesia has encountered various challenges and failures. These failures often stem from a combination of financial, administrative, and technical issues as well as the emergence of issues regarding the confiscation of land belonging to citizens.

The Indonesian toll roads are like a Monopoly board designed by a three-year-old, where every property is a pothole and every chance card says, 'Go back to start.' Some toll roads have been criticized for poor construction quality, leading to rapid wear and tear and requiring frequent maintenance. Toll road construction has sometimes led to environmental damage, including deforestation and habitat disruption, raising concerns among environmental groups. Example, Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road. This toll road has faced significant congestion and operational challenges, partly due to rapid urbanization and inadequate capacity planning.

Trans-Java Toll Road. While a major infrastructure achievement, sections of the Trans-Java toll road have experienced construction delays, cost overruns, and land acquisition disputes.

The Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail project, a flagship collaboration with China, has faced serious financial challenges, including cost overruns that have ballooned from an initial estimate of $6 billion to over $7.2 billion. The construction of the high-speed rail has raised concerns about its impact on local ecosystems, including deforestation and disruption of water sources.

This high-speed train is like Alice’s adventure in Wonderland, but instead of meeting whimsical characters, you’re stuck in a rabbit hole of red tape and cost overruns. The project promised a bullet train but delivered a snail on rails, where the only thing moving fast was the escalation of costs and state finances must be at stake. The high-speed train is like the emperor’s new clothes, a grand vision that everyone praises, but when you look closely, you realize it's just a naked rail with nothing running on time.

Many airport projects, including expansions and new constructions, have faced delays due to bureaucratic hurdles, funding shortages, and technical challenges. Budget overruns are common, often due to poor project planning, mismanagement, and changes in project scope. Despite expansions, many airports struggle with overcapacity, leading to congestion, long wait times, and reduced service quality. Inadequate maintenance practices have led to the rapid deterioration of facilities, affecting operational efficiency and passenger experience.

Some airports have been built with substandard materials and construction techniques, resulting in issues like leaks, structural weaknesses, and frequent repairs. Many airports lack sufficient amenities and infrastructure to handle increasing passenger volumes, impacting their ability to provide a high-quality travel experience.

Example: Kertajati International Airport. Located in West Java, Kertajati has struggled to attract airlines and passengers, leading to underutilization and financial losses. Issues such as poor connectivity and limited infrastructure have compounded these challenges.

If you imagine all of these infrastructure projects as a fleet of ships, each proudly launched with a bottle of champagne, only to spring leaks and start sinking before they reach the open sea, it is like 'the sinking ship of State Projects.'

We are still continuing with issues regarding Indonesia, biidznillah."

Then Seruni read a poetry,

In the archipelago's wide expanse,

Where fortunes shift and debts enhance,

A tale is told of fiscal lore,

Alas! The debts, they grew and grew,

Like bamboo shoots through the morning dew.

'Oh dear Rupiah, where have you gone?'

The minister sings a sorrowful song.

Citations & References:

- Gregory K. Ingram & Karin L. Brandt (Eds.), Infrastructure and Land Policies, 2013, Lincoln Institute

- Alberto Asquer, Regulation of Infrastructure and Utilities: Public Policy and Management Issues, 2018, Palgrave

- JamieS. Davidson, Indonesia's Changing Political Economy, 2015, Cambridge University Press

[Episode 4]

[Episode 2]

Bahasa

Seruni's Ramblings (2)

"Heroes in Wayang Kulit embark on arduous journeys filled with trials and tribulations. These journeys are metaphors for the path to self-discovery and enlightenment. They signify the spiritual and personal growth that comes from overcoming challenges, learning from experiences, and striving for a higher purpose.

By using 'Basa Jawa', our Ki Dalang narrates a story. It goes like this, 'Bima, a mighty warrior from the Pandawa family, once found himself lost in a dense forest. As he wandered, he came across a talking donkey. Seeing an opportunity for fun, the donkey told Bima that it knew the way out but would only reveal it if Bima could answer a riddle. Bima, confident in his intellect, agreed.

The donkey asked, 'What walks on four legs in the morning, two legs at noon, and three in the evening?'

Bima, baffled by the question's simplicity, overthought it and gave a series of complex, incorrect answers. The donkey, delighted by Bima’s confusion, eventually told him the answer, 'A human.'

Embarrassed but amused, Bima acknowledged the donkey’s wisdom and followed its directions to find his way out of the forest, grateful for the lesson in humility and the humour it brought to his journey."

"Wayang Kulit is indeed from Indonesia, specifically from the island of Java. It is a highly revered form of traditional shadow puppetry that has been an integral part of Javanese culture for centuries. In 2003, UNESCO recognized Wayang Kulit as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. This designation highlights the art form's cultural significance and her importance in preserving traditional storytelling and performance arts.

Indonesia is sometimes referred to as "The Living Museum of Ancient Cultures" because it preserved traditional practices and ancient customs. She is often described as a 'Melting Pot of Cultures' due to her vast array of ethnic groups, languages, and traditions. Her rich cultural diversity and the harmonious blending of different cultures, religions, and traditions that coexist within her borders," Seruni went on while looking at gunungan or kayon, a conical or triangular structure inspired by the shape of a volcano.

"Indonesia is frequently called 'The Necklace of Islands' because she is an archipelago comprising over 17,000 islands. Each island is a unique 'gem' contributing to the diverse cultural and ecological tapestry of the nation, linked together like precious beads in a necklace. Indonesia is often referred to as 'The Emerald of the Equator' due to her lush, green landscapes and extensive tropical rainforests. Known as 'The Land of Fire and Water,' Indonesia is famous for her numerous volcanoes and surrounding seas. The dynamic natural landscape of Indonesia is characterized by active volcanoes (fire) and her vast maritime territory (water), symbolizing both the destructive and life-giving forces of nature.

Indonesia is often termed 'The Heart of Southeast Asia' due to her central geographical location and significant influence in the region. This emphasizes Indonesia's strategic position and her cultural, political, and economic impact on the Southeast Asian region, acting as a central force in regional affairs. Historically, Indonesia has been called 'The Garden of Spices' because of her rich production of spices like cloves, nutmeg, and pepper. Indonesia’s historical importance in the global spice trade highlights her agricultural richness and her pivotal role in the world’s economic history.

The Indonesian economy is one of the most diverse in Southeast Asia, characterized by a mix of natural resources, industrial activities, and a growing services sector. Indonesia is a significant producer of oil and natural gas. It was formerly a member of OPEC and remains one of the largest gas exporters in the world. Coal mining is a major contributor to the economy, particularly in regions like Kalimantan and Sumatra. Indonesia is a leading producer of nickel, a key component in stainless steel and batteries for electric vehicles. The country also has large deposits of copper and gold, with major mining operations by companies like Freeport-McMoRan. Indonesia is the world’s largest producer of palm oil, a critical export commodity. The country is also a significant producer of rubber and cocoa, essential for global markets.

The textile and apparel industry is a major export sector, providing employment and contributing to economic growth. The production of electronics and machinery is expanding, with investments in technology and infrastructure to boost competitiveness.

Indonesia's diverse culture and natural beauty, including destinations like Bali and Borobudur, attract millions of tourists annually. Tourism contributes significantly to GDP and provides jobs across various regions. The financial services sector is growing, with a focus on expanding banking penetration and financial inclusion across the population. The telecommunications sector is expanding, driven by increasing smartphone penetration and internet usage. Indonesia is experiencing a boom in e-commerce, with platforms like Tokopedia and Bukalapak playing significant roles in the digital economy.

Agriculture remains critical, producing rice, maize, and other staple crops that are essential for food security. Coffee, tea, and spices are compelling exports, contributing to foreign exchange earnings. Indonesia’s vast maritime territory supports a large fisheries sector, with exports of fish and seafood being a vital part of the economy.

Major investments are being made in road and railway networks to improve connectivity and reduce logistics costs. Upgrades to airports and seaports are enhancing capacity and efficiency, facilitating trade and tourism. Special economic zones and industrial parks are established to attract investment and boost industrial growth.

Indonesia has a large and youthful population, providing a potential demographic dividend for economic growth. The workforce is expanding, with efforts to improve skills and education to boost productivity. Rapid urbanization is leading to the development of major urban centres, driving economic activity and infrastructure needs.

The Indonesian economy faces several weaknesses and challenges that can impact its sustainable development and overall economic health. Indonesia’s heavy reliance on the export of commodities like coal, palm oil, and natural gas makes its economy vulnerable to global price fluctuations. Changes in commodity prices can lead to significant economic instability and revenue shortfalls. Over-reliance on natural resources can lead to depletion and environmental degradation, jeopardizing future economic sustainability.

Despite improvements, Indonesia still faces serious gaps in infrastructure, particularly in remote and rural areas. Poor transportation networks increase logistics costs and hamper economic development. Inadequate energy infrastructure, especially in outer regions, limits industrial development and affects the quality of life for residents. A heavy reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation poses challenges for sustainable development and climate change mitigation.

Corruption remains a momentous challenge in Indonesia, affecting government efficiency, public services, and the business environment. It undermines trust in institutions and discourages foreign investment. Excessive bureaucracy and complex regulatory frameworks can stifle business activities and innovation. Inadequate enforcement of property rights and legal protections can hinder investment and economic growth. Inefficiencies and lack of transparency in the judicial system create uncertainty for businesses and investors.

Limited access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities in less-developed regions perpetuates inequality and poverty. Despite improvements, the quality of education in Indonesia remains below international standards. This results in a workforce that lacks the skills needed for high-value-added industries. Inequities in access to quality education, particularly in rural areas, limit human capital development and economic potential. The education system does not adequately prepare students for the demands of the labour market, leading to a mismatch between skills and job requirements. A compelling portion of the workforce is employed in the informal sector, which typically offers lower wages and less job security. The wealth gap between the rich and the poor is widening, with significant portions of the population living in poverty. This affects social cohesion and overall economic stability.

Indonesia’s manufacturing sector is often focused on low-value-added production, limiting its ability to move up the value chain and compete globally. The country’s dependence on imported machinery and technology stifles the growth of domestic industries and innovation. Investment in research and development is relatively low, hindering technological advancement and economic diversification. The innovation ecosystem is underdeveloped, with limited support for startups and small and medium enterprises.

High rates of deforestation and land degradation due to palm oil plantations and mining activities contribute to biodiversity loss and environmental harm. Air and water pollution, particularly in urban areas, pose significant public health and environmental challenges. Indonesia is highly susceptible to natural disasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, which can disrupt economic activities and damage infrastructure. Climate change impacts, such as rising sea levels and extreme weather events, threaten agricultural productivity and coastal communities.

Persistent current account deficits reflect reliance on foreign capital to finance growth, making the economy vulnerable to external shocks. High levels of foreign debt, particularly in the private sector, can lead to financial instability and limit economic policy flexibility. Volatility in the rupiah can lead to inflationary pressures, affect import costs, and increase the burden of foreign-denominated debt.

An increase in the price of the US dollar (USD) when bought with the Indonesian rupiah (IDR) has several serious impacts on Indonesia's economy and the everyday lives of its citizens. A higher USD/IDR exchange rate means it costs more rupiah to buy the same amount of US dollars. Consequently, the cost of importing goods and services priced in USD, such as electronics, machinery, and raw materials, rises. The increased cost of imports can lead to higher prices for consumer goods, contributing to inflation. Essential goods like fuel, which are typically priced in dollars, become more expensive, impacting both businesses and consumers.

Many Indonesian companies and the government have foreign-denominated debt, often in USD. A stronger dollar means these debts become more expensive to service and repay, putting additional financial strain on these entities. Higher debt servicing costs can constrain government budgets, limiting funds available for public services and development projects.

A stronger USD can make Indonesian exports more competitive, as they become cheaper for foreign buyers. This could potentially boost exports in sectors like textiles, palm oil, and coal. However, if the increase in export revenue doesn’t offset the higher import costs, it could worsen the trade deficit, impacting the country’s current account balance.

Investors may pull out of emerging markets like Indonesia to seek safer returns in US dollar assets, especially if they anticipate further weakening of the rupiah. This can lead to a reduction in foreign investment, negatively affecting economic growth. On the flip side, a weaker rupiah might make Indonesian assets cheaper for foreign investors, potentially attracting investment in stocks and real estate.

Everyday items that are imported or made with imported components become more expensive, reducing purchasing power. This includes electronics, cars, and even certain food items. The cost of fuel, which is often imported and priced in dollars, can increase, leading to higher transportation costs and affecting prices across various sectors. If the rupiah continues to weaken, the real value of savings held in the rupiah can decrease, affecting the financial stability of individuals. Travelling abroad has become more expensive for Indonesians as they need to spend more rupiah to buy foreign currency for travel expenses. Uncertainty about the rupiah’s value and rising costs can lead to reduced consumer confidence, with people cutting back on discretionary spending. This can slow down economic activity further.

The Bank of Indonesia (BI) might increase interest rates to curb inflation and stabilize the rupiah. Higher rates can attract foreign investment but may also slow down economic growth and increase borrowing costs for consumers and businesses. BI may intervene in the foreign exchange market to support the rupiah by selling foreign reserves. However, this is a temporary measure and not a sustainable long-term solution.

Indonesia is known as 'The Archipelago of Unity in Diversity', which is also its national motto. Indonesia can be described as 'The Maritime Silk Road Crossroads' because of its historical role in trade routes connecting Asia with the Middle East and Europe. Indonesia is sometimes referred to as 'The Land of Smiles' due to the warmth and hospitality of its people.

We will continue our discussion about Indonesia on the next episode, biidhnillah."

Then Seruni read a rhythmical piece,

In halls of power, they parade, with egos fit for kings,

Good at changing the rules, according to their dreams.

They promise golden futures

Yet trip on every truth they slash

Citations & References:

- Aris Ananta, Muljana Soekarni & Sjamsul Arifin (Eds.), The Indonesian Economy: Entering A New Era, 2011, ISEAS

- Bruce Glassburner (Ed.), The Economy of Indonesia: Selected Readings, 2007, Equinox

- Thee Kian Wie, Indonesia's Economy Since Independence, 2012, ISEAS

[Episode 3]

[Episode 2]

Bahasa

Seruni's Ramblings (1)

"When Ki Dalang introduced the Punakawan to the audience, he said, 'Gareng, with his wise demeanour, shared this gem, 'Why did the snail ride on the turtle’s back? Because it wanted a faster commute!'

'Bagong’s mischievous spirit shines through, 'Why did the monkey bring a ladder to the mango tree? Because he heard the view was better from the top!'

'Someone once asked about Petruk, 'Why did Petruk bring a ladder to the library? Because he heard the books had high standards!'

'Semar, the mediator, once quipped, 'Why did the river flow both ways? To confuse the fish, especially if the names are to be memorized!'

All of these are shadows cast by the wayang kulit—sometimes profound, sometimes lighthearted, but always captivating,' Ki Dalang concluded.”

"The expression 'a rose by any other name' suggests that a person’s character or essence is not determined by their name or external appearance. Just like a rose remains sweet, irrespective of its name, a person’s true nature shines through," said Seruni, also known as Chrysant, or often refers as Chrysanthemum, a flowering plant often cultivated as an ornamental garden flower or for cut arrangements, after saying Basmalah and greeted with Salaam. She has a pleasant fragrance and is sometimes added to tea for an aromatic twist. The Seruni belongs to the Asteraceae family and comes in various species. These lovely blooms have been around since the Cretaceous period, making them quite ancient! The Seruni flower comes in a delightful array of colours, including white, yellow, pink, purple, and even bronze. Each hue adds charm to gardens and floral arrangements.

"In Asian cultures," Seruni went on, "particularly in China and Japan, the chrysanthemum symbolizes longevity, endurance, and immortality. Her ability to bloom late into autumn, even after other flowers have faded, represents resilience and the cycle of life. The chrysanthemum is admired for its elegant and dignified appearance. It embodies virtues such as nobility, honour, and integrity. In Japan, it is the emblem of the Imperial Family. As a late-blooming flower, the chrysanthemum is associated with autumn. Its vibrant colours—such as yellow, orange, and bronze—mirror the changing foliage during this season. The chrysanthemum’s ability to regenerate and thrive even in adverse conditions symbolizes renewal and rejuvenation. In traditional Chinese medicine, chrysanthemum tea is believed to have health benefits, including soothing the eyes, reducing inflammation, and promoting relaxation. The golden hues of chrysanthemums evoke the sun’s warmth and light. They are often used in celebrations and festivals.

The term 'Asian Culture' is often confused with 'Asian Values', they have distinct meanings and implications. Asian Culture encompasses the diverse customs, traditions, languages, arts, foods, rituals, and social behaviours of the various societies in Asia. It is a broad concept that covers the rich and varied ways of life across the continent. Asian Culture has geographical diversity. Asia includes East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and West Asia, each with unique cultural elements. There are also ethnic and religious diversities. The region is home to a wide range of ethnic groups and religions, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Confucianism, and Christianity, among others. Asian cultures have evolved over thousands of years, influenced by factors such as migration, trade, conquest, and colonization. It is continually evolving with modern influences and global interactions.

The concept of Asian Values is deeply rooted in the historical and philosophical traditions of Asia, particularly influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism, and other cultural and ethical systems that emphasize community, harmony, and respect for hierarchy. However, it was in the late 20th century, the conception of 'Asian Values' is most prominently associated with Lee Kuan Yew, the founding Prime Minister of Singapore (1959–1990), and Mahathir Mohamad, the former Prime Minister of Malaysia (1981–2003, 2018–2020). Both leaders articulated and promoted the idea of Asian Values as a distinctive set of principles that underpin the social and political organization of Asian societies, contrasting them with Western values. Leaders like Lee and Mahathir crystallized these ideas into a coherent political philosophy used to advocate for specific governance styles and development strategies.

Lee Kuan Yew is widely recognized for articulating the concept of Asian Values during his tenure as Prime Minister. He argued that Asian societies prioritize community and family over individualism, emphasizing social harmony, respect for authority, and economic development. Lee's vision of Asian Values was often presented as a justification for the more authoritarian style of governance that he implemented in Singapore, which focused on stability and economic progress. He frequently contrasted these values with what he perceived as the more individualistic and confrontational nature of Western democracies.

Mahathir Mohamad was a vocal proponent of Asian Values, using them to support his vision for Malaysia’s development and modernization. He emphasized the importance of collective responsibility, respect for authority, and prioritizing national interests over individual freedoms. Mahathir’s advocacy of Asian Values was part of his broader critique of Western influence and his emphasis on developing a uniquely Asian path to modernization and economic success. He often used the concept to argue for policies that focused on economic growth and social cohesion, sometimes at the expense of liberal democratic practices.

Asian values have been so intent on weakening international human rights conventions. Only a 'disciplined' (that is, authoritarian) regime, they hold, is likely to promote fast economic growth. This view led Singaporean senior minister Lee Kuan Yew to warn Manila business leaders that their country needed 'discipline more than democracy.'

Mark R. Thompson suggests that Indonesian strongman Suharto was the leading regional advocate of authoritarian developmentalism. The country’s New Order government argued that its 'Pancasila democracy' embodied indigenous values. Stressing deliberation (musyawarah) instead of opposition in order to reach consensus (mufakat), and excluding the masses from politics except during brief 'election' campaigns through the 'floating mass principle,' the regime claimed that such a political system was necessary to create the stability needed for rapid economic growth. At the time, the military regime in Burma (Myanmar) tried to imitate the 'Indonesian model' of developmentalist dictatorship with a similar culturalist justification.

Indonesia’s economic crisis, which began in late 1997, was the catalyst of the overthrow of the Suharto dictatorship by a student-led popular movement. With the economy in crisis and 'crony capitalism' wide- spread, no culturalist argument could hide the fact that the would-be developmentalist dictator had lost all legitimacy. The fall of Suharto in May 1998 eliminated the chief ideologue of developmentalist 'Asian values.' With the Indonesian New Order now an ancien régime and Burma also badly hit by the regional economic crisis, the Burmese generals have been forced to return to the familiar pattern of relying on brute force without ideological pretense.

Further, Thompson says that the character of postdevelopmental 'Asian values' in Singapore and Malaysia have similarities to Imperial Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The similarities are no accident: Imperial Germany heavily influenced Meiji Japan and through it the rest of East and Southeast Asia. Like Imperial Germany, Singapore and (to a lesser extent) Malaysia have 'strong' bureaucratic states that have promoted 'late' industrial development. Imperial Germany had a parliament, but, as in Singapore and Malaysia, it was mainly for show. A parallel might even be drawn between the social control exercised through housing and other policies in Singapore and the welfare state.

The key similarity, however, is that Singapore and Malaysia, like Imperial Germany, have tried to fend off pressures for democratization by invoking cultural differences. With the arrival of advanced industrialization, developmental arguments urging the temporary renunciation of democratic goals in the interest of faster modernization could no longer justify authoritarian rule. Rather, authoritarianism had to be defended even after the advent of economic modernity.

The idea of Asian Values has been subject to extensive debate and criticism. Critics argue that the concept has been used to justify authoritarian governance and to suppress dissent under the guise of maintaining social order and stability. There is also debate about the universality of these values and whether they are truly distinct from those found in other cultures.

Asian Values can also be regarded as a form of political identity, particularly in the context of how they have been used by various leaders and governments to differentiate their societies and governance models from those of the West. Political Identity refers to how individuals or groups identify with certain political ideas, values, or ideologies that define their understanding of society, governance, and their place within the political landscape. Asian Values emphasize cultural and civilizational uniqueness, portraying Asia as having a long-standing tradition of communal harmony, respect for authority, and prioritization of collective over individual rights. This distinctiveness is used to assert a political identity that is not only different from but also resistant to Western political ideologies, such as liberal democracy and individualism.

Asian Values have been associated with the 'Asian Way' of governance, which includes strong, centralized leadership, a focus on economic development, and the prioritization of social order and stability over individual freedoms. This governance model, often seen in countries like Singapore, Malaysia, and China, is presented as a successful alternative to Western democratic models, thereby reinforcing a unique political identity.

Policies grounded in Asian Values tend to emphasize community welfare, economic pragmatism, and social cohesion. For instance, Singapore’s policy frameworks reflect a commitment to these values through measures aimed at maintaining social harmony and economic growth. The ideological foundation of Asian Values provides a basis for rejecting external pressures to adopt Western-style democratic reforms, thus reinforcing a sense of political autonomy and identity.

Asian Values have been used to resist what is perceived as the imposition of Western cultural and political norms. This resistance forms a crucial part of the political identity that seeks to maintain sovereignty and cultural integrity in the face of globalization. By asserting Asian Values, political leaders in Asia have been able to craft a narrative that supports the legitimacy of their governance models while challenging Western criticisms related to human rights and democratic freedoms.

'Asian values' as a doctrine of developmentalism can be understood as the claim that, until prosperity is achieved, democracy remains an unaffordable luxury. This 'Protestant ethic' form of 'Asian values', says Thompson, attributes high growth rates to certain cultural traits. These characteristics include hard work, frugality, discipline, and teamwork. Western democracy hinders rapid development, authoritarian rulers in the Asia Pacific claim, and thus must be delayed until substantial development has been achieved.

Bentuk-bentuk korupsi kecil mungkin ditoleransi secara budaya atau bahkan diterima sebagai cara untuk memfasilitasi proses birokrasi atau menjaga hubungan sosial. Misalnya, di Tiongkok, konsep 'guanxi' (jaringan dan hubungan pribadi) sering kali melibatkan pertukaran bantuan, yang dapat mengaburkan batas antara praktik sosial yang dapat diterima dan perilaku korup. Whether it is to justify one's argument or another justification, recently the idea based on the pretext of Asian Values, the notion that 'corruption is allowed as long as everyone is happy' then arose. This notion is highly problematic and reflects a dangerous mindset that can have significant negative implications for society. This phrase suggests that ethical standards and integrity can be sacrificed for the sake of superficial happiness or short-term satisfaction. It undermines the foundational principles of honesty, fairness, and justice. Allowing corruption, even under the guise of keeping people happy, erodes trust in institutions and leaders. Trust is a crucial component of any healthy society, and its erosion can lead to widespread cynicism and disengagement from civic responsibilities. If corruption is accepted as long as it seems to keep people content, it can become normalized and embedded in the cultural fabric of society. This normalization can make it harder to fight corruption and uphold ethical standards in the long run. Even if corruption seems to bring short-term benefits or happiness, the long-term harm it causes to societal structures, fairness, and equality outweighs any temporary gains.

Corruption often leads to the inefficient allocation of resources, where decisions are made based on personal gain rather than the common good or economic efficiency. This can lead to waste and reduced productivity. Corruption typically increases the costs of goods and services as individuals or businesses may need to pay bribes or engage in corrupt practices to get things done, leading to higher prices and reduced competitiveness.

Corruption creates an unpredictable business environment, which can deter both domestic and foreign investment. Investors prefer environments where rules are clear and enforced, rather than where success depends on corrupt practices. As a result, corruption can stunt economic growth, reduce job opportunities, and lead to a lower standard of living for the broader population.

Corruption often benefits the powerful and wealthy at the expense of the poor and marginalized. It exacerbates inequality by diverting resources that could be used for public services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure. Resources lost to corruption are resources that are not available for critical social services, undermining the welfare and development of society as a whole.

Allowing corruption undermines the rule of law, leading to weak governance and arbitrary enforcement of laws. This can result in a lack of accountability and transparency in government operations. Corruption can fuel political instability by creating dissatisfaction and resentment among the populace. It can lead to protests, unrest, and even revolutions if people feel that their needs are not being met fairly. When corruption is tolerated, it fosters a culture of cynicism and disillusionment with political leaders and institutions. This can lead to apathy and disengagement from political processes, weakening democracy. Citizens may become less likely to participate in elections or civic activities if they believe that corruption will prevent their voices from being heard or their votes from mattering.

Such a notion is deeply flawed and dangerous. It overlooks the long-term damage that corruption causes to society's moral fabric, economic health, social justice, and political stability. A sustainable and just society requires a commitment to integrity, transparency, and accountability, where corruption is actively resisted and not condoned under any circumstances.

While Asian Values do not explicitly justify dynasty politics, certain interpretations of these values, particularly those related to respect for authority, familial loyalty, and the importance of social stability, can be used to support or rationalize the continuation of political power within families. However, this justification is contentious and subject to criticism, especially in the context of modern democratic principles and the potential for abuse of power associated with dynastic rule. For example, The Park family in South Korea, with Park Chung-hee and his daughter Park Geun-hye both serving as presidents, represents a political dynasty. The Nehru-Gandhi family has been a significant political dynasty, with multiple generations holding prominent political positions.

Critics argue that the justification of dynasty politics using Asian Values might serve as a way to circumvent democratic norms and maintain power within a small, elite group. The dynasty politics can lead to the concentration of power and the potential for corruption, nepotism, and abuse of authority, which can undermine the principles of meritocracy and good governance. The idea that power should remain within a family can contradict the value of merit and the importance of selecting leaders based on ability and qualifications rather than lineage.

Flower symbolism can vary based on cultural context and personal interpretation. In Balinese culture, flowers hold deep meanings. Frangipani (Plumeria) with its five-petaled blossoms, the frangipani symbolizes the interconnectedness of all living beings with the cosmos. It represents the five elements of the universe: earth, water, fire, air, and ether. The Lotus (Padma) emerges gracefully from muddy depths, symbolizing prosperity and fertility. Tuberose is revered for its nighttime fragrance, the tuberose is believed to connect with a sense of tranquillity and spiritual harmony. Marigolds are vibrant flowers that symbolize the sun, life, and positive energy. Their bright yellow and orange hues are used in offerings to protect against negative energies and evil spirits.

Bali is more than a place. It’s a mood, it’s magical, beautifully captures the enchanting essence of Bali, where every moment feels like a dream. It’s a tropical state of mind. Bali is the sort of place where you can walk down the street and find something picturesque. But Bali is not a state, she is a part of a State. Trees may stand tall individually, but their interconnected roots support the entire ecosystem. Unity lies in recognizing our common ground, even when it’s not immediately visible. Unity isn’t about erasing differences; it’s about celebrating them while finding common ground.

And I will accompany you in our north-and-south chat, on the next episode, biidhnillah."

Before entering into the next episode, Seruni recited a poem,

In a land where smiles are sold,

Where stories of virtue are often told,

A cunning thought began to creep,

“Let corruption play, but hush, don’t weep.”

With pockets full and hearts half empty,

They cried, “Be happy, we have plenty!”

Citations & References:

- Mark R. Thompson, Whatever Happened to "Asian Values"?, Journal of Democracy, Volume 12, Number 4, October 2001, The Johns Hopkins University Press

- Michael D. Barr, Lee Kuan Yew and the "Asian Values" Debate, Asian Studies Review, Volume 24, Number 3, September 2000, Taylor and Francis Group

- Michael Freeman, Human rights, Democracy and ‘Asian values’, The Pacific Review, Vol. 9 No. 3, 1996, Routledge

- Greg Sheridan, Asian Values, Western Dreams: Understanding the New Asia, 1999, Allen & Unwin

[Episode 2]

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