Tuesday, June 4, 2024

Stories from Cananga Tree (25)

"A big-city counterfeiter thought the best place to pass off his phony eighteen-dollar bills would be in a small country town. So, he went off in search of one.
When he found a town that he thought might work, the counterfeiter entered a store and handed one of the bogus bills to the cashier.
'Can I have change for this, please?' he asked.
The store clerk looked at the eighteen-dollar bill, then smiled and replied, 'Sure, mister. Would you like two nines or three sixes?'"

"When you imagine civil society as a bridge connecting different parts of society, you emphasize the role of civil society in facilitating communication, cooperation, and collaboration. Like a sturdy bridge, it provides stability and support for a functioning society. Just as a bridge spans a river, civil society bridges the gap between citizens, government, and businesses. Acting as a bridge, civil society connects ordinary citizens with governmental institutions, facilitating communication, understanding, and collaboration.
If you picture civil society as a bustling marketplace, it's like various stalls represent different organizations, each offering unique goods and services. Just as a marketplace brings people together to exchange goods, civil society brings together diverse actors to address social issues, advocate for change, and promote shared values. And as 'the Voice of the Voiceless', civil society amplifies the voices of marginalized and underrepresented groups, ensuring their concerns and needs are heard and addressed. When civil society organizations collaborate, they create a powerful and harmonious impact, much like the combined sounds of an orchestra. Each note matters, and coordination is essential. And so, civil society can be likened to a harmonious symphony orchestra. Each instrument plays a distinct role, contributing to the overall composition," said Cananga while looking at Portland Japanese Garden, an authentic Japanese garden, that offers tranquility, elegant design, and a serene oasis for visitors. Just like a garden requires nurturing, pruning, and diverse plant species to thrive, civil society flourishes when it includes a variety of organizations, community groups, NGOs, labor unions, and faith-based organizations. Each organization represents a different type of plant, contributing to the overall health and beauty of the garden. Some plants may need more visibility, while others thrive in the shade.

"Civil society refers to the realm of organized social life that is voluntary, self-generating, largely self-supporting, and autonomous from the state. It encompasses a wide range of organizations and institutions that exist between the family and the state. Civil society encompasses various groups, networks, and ties that stand between the individual and the modern state. It is often considered the 'third sector' of society, distinct from both government and business. These organizations include community groups, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), labor unions, Indigenous groups, charitable organizations, faith-based organizations, professional associations, and foundations.
The concept of civil society has a rich intellectual history, and its meaning has evolved. The term 'civil society' traces back to ancient times. Aristotle is often credited with the first usage, although the meaning has subtly shifted through translations. In Greek, the term was 'koinonia politike', which referred to the political community—a space where citizens interacted, debated, and participated in public affairs. Civil society gained prominence as a vision for social organization during the Enlightenment. As agricultural societies transformed into industrial ones, civil society developed alongside the modern state and the free market. It emerged as a space where individuals could engage in collective action, express their views, and participate in shaping society.

The term gained prominence in the 1980s, particularly during movements that challenged authoritarian regimes in central and eastern Europe and Latin America. When mobilized, civil society has the power to influence elected policy-makers and businesses. Its nature is evolving due to technological advancements and nuanced societal changes.
Beyond its descriptive properties, the term carries ethical and political implications. Advocates view an independent civil society as crucial for a healthy democracy, while its absence or decline is linked to sociopolitical challenges. The current definition of civil society emerged as a familiar component of contemporary liberal and democratic theorizing. Civil society is recognized as more than just a sector dominated by NGOs; it now includes a vibrant range of organized and unorganized groups, both online and offline.

Individuals are the building blocks of civil society. Their active participation is essential for the existence and vitality of civil society organizations (CSOs). People join or form CSOs based on shared interests, values, or goals, such as advocacy groups, community organizations, non-profits, and social movements. The relationship between the individual and civil society is dynamic and interdependent. Civil society is composed of individuals who come together voluntarily to pursue common interests, advocate for causes, and engage in community activities. It provides a platform for individuals to express their opinions, advocate for their rights, and influence public policy. Through civil society, individuals can collectively voice their concerns, seek redress for grievances, and work towards societal changes. This collective action amplifies individual voices and increases their impact.
Civil society often plays a crucial role in protecting individual rights and freedoms. CSOs can monitor government actions, hold authorities accountable, and provide legal aid or support to individuals facing injustice. By organizing and mobilizing, civil society can empower individuals to assert their rights and participate more fully in public life. Civil society fosters a sense of community and solidarity among individuals. By participating in civil society activities, people build social networks, strengthen social bonds, and develop a sense of belonging. This communal aspect can enhance social cohesion and mutual support within a society.

Civil society acts as an intermediary between individuals and the state. It can facilitate dialogue, mediate conflicts, and ensure that diverse viewpoints are considered in decision-making processes. This mediation helps balance the power dynamics between the state and individuals, promoting more inclusive governance. Civil society organizations often engage in education and awareness-raising activities. They inform individuals about their rights, civic responsibilities, and critical social issues. This education empowers individuals to make informed decisions and engage more effectively in civic and political life. Individuals within civil society are often drivers of social innovation and change. They identify problems, develop solutions, and advocate for reforms. Civil society provides the space for experimentation and the incubation of new ideas that can lead to societal advancements.
The relationship between individuals and civil society is mutually reinforcing. Individuals contribute to the strength and diversity of civil society, while civil society provides individuals with the means to express themselves, protect their rights, and participate in shaping their communities and society at large. This interaction is fundamental to the functioning of a healthy, democratic society.

Each individual has rights. Individual rights refer to the fundamental freedoms and protections that belong to each person, allowing them to act, think, and live without undue interference from the government or other individuals. These rights are considered inherent to human beings and are often enshrined in national constitutions and international human rights instruments. They are essential for ensuring personal liberty, dignity, and equality. Key individual rights include the right to life, the fundamental right to exist and to be protected from arbitrary deprivation of life; and the right to be free from arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile. This includes protection against unlawful searches and seizures; the right to hold and change personal beliefs, and to practice religion or belief freely, either individually or in a community with others; and the right to express ideas, opinions, and information without fear of censorship or punishment. This includes freedom of the press and access to information; the right to gather peacefully and to form or join organizations, including political parties, trade unions, and other groups; the right to a private life, free from arbitrary or unlawful interference by the government or other entities, covering personal communications, family life, and home; the right to a fair and public hearing by an impartial tribunal, the presumption of innocence, and the right to legal representation and appeal; the right to be treated equally before the law and to be free from discrimination on any grounds, such as race, gender, nationality, religion, or other status; The right to own property alone or in association with others, and to not be arbitrarily deprived of property; the right to access education, which is fundamental for personal development and participation in society; the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, including access to healthcare services; and the right to work in just and favorable conditions, to receive fair wages, and to join and form trade unions.
These rights are codified in various international documents, such as The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR); The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); Regional human rights conventions, such as the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Individual rights are crucial for protecting personal freedoms and ensuring a just and equitable society. They form the foundation of democratic governance and the rule of law.

Just like individuals, civil society also has rights. Civil society's rights refer to the entitlements and freedoms that allow individuals and organizations within civil society to operate freely and effectively. These rights are essential for ensuring that civil society can fulfill its roles in promoting democracy, advocating for social justice, and supporting community development. Key rights of civil society include the right to form, join, and participate in organizations and groups without undue interference or restriction from the government. This includes labor unions, NGOs, community groups, and other civil society entities; the right to freely express opinions, ideas, and information through various media, including speech, writing, and peaceful demonstrations. This freedom is crucial for advocacy, public debate, and holding authorities accountable; the right to organize and participate in peaceful gatherings, protests, and demonstrations. This allows civil society to mobilize and advocate for social, political, and economic changes; the right to access information held by public authorities. This transparency is vital for informed participation, accountability, and the ability to advocate effectively; the right to participate in public affairs, including decision-making processes that affect communities and societies. This involves engagement in policy discussions, electoral processes, and other forms of civic involvement; as the right to operate without discrimination based on race, gender, ethnicity, religion, political beliefs, or other characteristics. This ensures inclusivity and diversity within civil society; the right to be legally recognized and protected as an entity. This includes the ability to register as an organization, own property, enter into contracts, and seek legal redress when rights are violated; the right to seek, receive, and use financial resources from domestic and international sources without undue restriction. This financial autonomy is essential for the sustainability and independence of civil society organizations.
These rights are enshrined in various international human rights instruments, including The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR); Regional human rights conventions, such as the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). The protection and promotion of these rights are essential for a vibrant and effective civil society, enabling it to contribute to the democratic, social, and economic well-being of society.

Civil society catches and supports those who might otherwise fall through the cracks, promoting social stability and cohesion. Like a safety net, civil society catches and supports those who might otherwise fall through the cracks, promoting social stability and cohesion. Civil society can be seen as the fire that ignites and fuels social change, driving reforms and innovations in society.
Civil society keeps a close eye on government actions, ensuring accountability and preventing abuses of power. As the Guardian of Public Interests, civil society protects and advocates for the public interest, ensuring that societal needs are prioritized over private or political gains.

If governments exist to protect their citizens and those citizens’ rights, who should rule the government? The question is central to the philosophy of governance and democracy. In democratic societies, the principle of popular sovereignty dictates that the government should be ruled by the people, either directly or through their elected representatives. This ensures that the government remains accountable to its citizens and protects their rights effectively.
The ultimate authority rests with the people. This means that the legitimacy of the government is derived from the consent of the governed. Citizens have the power to choose their leaders and influence government policies through regular, free, and fair elections. In most modern democracies, citizens elect representatives who make decisions on their behalf. These representatives are accountable to the people through regular elections. The representatives are expected to act in the best interests of their constituents and the broader public. To prevent the abuse of power, democratic systems incorporate checks and balances among the branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial). Each branch has distinct powers and responsibilities, and they can check each other to ensure no single entity becomes too powerful.

Civil society can play a crucial role in maintaining democratic accountability and promoting good governance when there is no formal opposition party in a presidential system. Civil society may encourage citizens to participate in civic activities, including voting, attending town hall meetings, and engaging in public debates as well as foster a culture of active citizenship where people feel responsible for holding their government accountable.
Independent media plays a critical role in scrutinizing government actions and informing the public. Support for independent journalism through subscriptions, donations, and advocacy can help maintain a critical check on power. Using social media and alternative platforms to disseminate information and engage in discussions about governance and public policy.

Civil society organizations (CSOs) can act as de facto opposition by advocating for transparency, accountability, and human rights. Supporting and participating in CSOs can amplify their impact. They can encourage the formation and growth of NGOs, watchdog groups, and advocacy organizations that focus on various social, economic, and political issues. Civil society organizations (CSOs) can monitor government actions and expenditures, demanding transparency and accountability through reports, audits, and public campaigns. Engage in watchdog activities to expose corruption, malfeasance, and undemocratic practices. Civil society may educate citizens about their rights and responsibilities, the importance of democratic values, and how they can participate in the political process. Organizing workshops, seminars, and public forums to foster civic engagement and encourage citizens to voice their concerns and hold their government accountable.
Civil society may encourage and support independent journalism that investigates and reports on government actions, ensuring that the public remains informed about important issues. Providing training and resources to journalists to enhance their capacity to report on complex political and social issues.
Navigating ethical dilemmas when reporting on sensitive issues requires a delicate balance between truthfulness and responsibility. Journalists play a critical role in shaping public discourse. The foundation of ethical reporting lies in the pursuit of truth and accuracy. Reporting on sensitive topics often involves delving into personal matters and invading people’s privacy. Balancing the need to inform the public with the duty to minimize harm to individuals or communities. Stereotyping perpetuates biases and harms marginalized groups. Ethical reporting requires empathy, integrity, and a commitment to serving the public interest while minimizing harm.

Civil society organizations (CSOs) can build alliances with other CSOs, trade unions, professional associations, and community groups to create a broad-based movement for democratic governance and accountability. They are collaborating with international organizations and human rights groups to draw global attention to domestic issues and gain support for democratic initiatives. Civil society may encourage dialogue between different political, social, and economic groups to build a broad-based coalition that can collectively advocate for democratic reforms and promote inclusive governance practices that ensure all voices, including minority and marginalized groups, are heard and represented.
Civil society may organize grassroots movements and campaigns to raise awareness about the importance of opposition in a democracy, mobilize public opinion against undemocratic practices, and use peaceful protests, petitions, and other forms of collective action to demand greater accountability and political plurality.

Grassroots movements have a rich history of challenging incumbent presidents and effecting significant political change. The Civil Rights movement in the 1960s is a powerful example of grassroots activism. Led by individuals and organizations not affiliated with traditional power structures, activists mobilized nationwide to fight for voting rights, desegregation, and equal opportunity. The environmental movement began in the 1960s and continues to this day. Environmental activists organize around various issues, including pollution, climate change, animal rights, and sustainable agriculture. The challenges of 2020 heightened the stakes for grassroots organizers.
Grassroots efforts, including marches, sit-ins, and community organizing, played a pivotal role in dismantling racial segregation and advancing civil rights. Grassroots movements have a remarkable ability to challenge incumbents, raise awareness, and drive political transformation. Their decentralized structure, local focus, and emphasis on citizen participation make them powerful agents of change.

Civil society and independent media play complementary roles in promoting transparency, accountability, and democratic values. When they collaborate effectively, their impact can be amplified. Maintaining objectivity is crucial for independent media when collaborating with civil society. Independent media should be transparent about their collaborations with CSOs. Disclose any affiliations, funding sources, or shared interests. Seeking information from a variety of sources beyond CSOs. Balancing their input with insights from government officials, experts, and other stakeholders. Avoiding overreliance on a single perspective, even if it aligns with the media’s values. Clearly state when a report or article involves information provided by CSOs. Adhering to established journalistic ethics, including accuracy, fairness, and impartiality.
CSOs and independent media should avoid conflicts of interest and maintaining professional boundaries. This transparency builds trust with the audience. Independent media’s credibility rests on their ability to provide accurate, balanced, and unbiased information. Collaborating with civil society should enhance—not compromise—their commitment to truth and objectivity.

Can actors, actresses, film directors, and producers, be regarded as 'civil society'? While 'civil society' typically refers to non-governmental organizations, community groups, and citizens engaged in social and political activities, it doesn’t directly encompass actors, actresses, film directors, or producers. These individuals primarily operate within the entertainment industry, creating and participating in artistic endeavors. However, their work can indirectly influence society by shaping cultural narratives, challenging norms, and promoting dialogue. Actors, actresses, film directors, and producers can indeed be considered part of civil society, particularly when they engage in activities beyond their professional roles that contribute to societal discourse and community development. Civil society encompasses a wide array of non-governmental organizations and groups, including those in the arts and entertainment industry.
Actors, actresses, and filmmakers can shape public opinion and cultural norms through their work, sparking discussions on important social issues. Many in the entertainment industry actively participate in or support various social, environmental, and political causes. They use their platforms to raise awareness and mobilize public action. Film industry professionals often engage in philanthropy, support local arts initiatives, and create organizations that contribute to social and cultural development. Through interviews, public appearances, and social media, they contribute to the dialogue on civil rights, social justice, and other critical issues, influencing societal values and policies. They frequently support or establish educational programs and workshops that foster artistic skills, critical thinking, and civic engagement.
By participating in these activities, individuals in the film industry contribute to the vibrancy and health of civil society, reinforcing its role as a sphere of organized, collective action aimed at fostering common interests and values.

Civil society remains committed to addressing global issues and promoting positive change, but it faces several challenges in efforts to create positive change and address societal issues. Many civil society organizations rely on grants, donations, and fundraising, which can be unpredictable and insufficient. Human rights defenders within civil society often face attacks, harassment, and negative discourse aimed at delegitimizing and stigmatizing their work. When laws don’t protect their rights or restrict their activities, it becomes challenging for organizations to operate effectively.
Civil society today includes an ever-wider and more vibrant range of organized and unorganized groups. It acts as a catalyst, bridging gaps, challenging the status quo, and driving positive transformation. Some scholars have described civil society as 'Volunteerland' due to its meaningful impact.

In the following episode, we will continue with the topic of the Islamic Calendar. Biidhnillah."

Then, Cananga told a tale,

Indonesian workers must set aside their salaries
The police officers must set aside their salaries
The armies must set aside their salaries
Government employees must set aside their salaries
Even public officials have to set aside their salaries
Private employees are targeted to set aside their salaries
Popping eyes of the entrepreneurs
Again, another cut, gaping all the mothers
Bringing up their stunned and miserable eyes
That's later, but, will it be anything?
Such is the fate of the new capital
Citations & References:
- Michael Hoelscher, Regina A. List, Alexander Ruser & Stefan Toepler (Eds.), Civil Society: Concepts, Challenges, Contexts, 2022, Springer Nature Switzerland
- Sudipta Kaviraj and Sunil Khilnani (Eds.), Civil Society: History and Possibilities, 2001, Cambridge University Press
- John Keane, Global Civil Society?, 2003, Cambridge University Press
- Peter Kivisto (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Social Theory, Volume I: A Contested Canon, 2021, Cambridge University Press
- Michael Edwards (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society, 2011, Oxford University Press
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