2026 EID AL-ADHA AND THE DAY OF ARAFAH: A Reflective Essay

The Convergence of Islamic Values and the Principles of Human Rights

I. Introduction

Eid al-Adha is one of the greatest celebrations in Islam, observed on the tenth of Dhul Hijjah. Far beyond a mere ritual festivity, it carries profound spiritual, moral, and social dimensions. It commemorates the sacrifice of the Prophet Ibrahim and his son the Prophet Ismail, alaihimassalam, encompasses the act of udhiyah (the ritual slaughter of livestock), and marks the culmination of the Hajj pilgrimage — most notably the standing at the Plain of Arafah.

Human Rights (HR), on the other hand, is a modern concept born of humanity’s long struggle for equality, justice, and respect for the dignity of every individual. Although the term itself gained prominence in twentieth-century international law, many of its foundational principles had long been present within Islamic teaching — most vividly in the Qur’an and in the Prophet’s (ﷺ) farewell sermon delivered on the Plain of Arafah.

This essay seeks to trace the threads that connect the values enshrined in Eid al-Adha and the Day of Arafah with the foundational principles of Human Rights, whilst reflecting upon both the points of convergence and the philosophical distinctions between the two traditions within a contemporary Islamic intellectual framework.

II. Human Equality: The Universal Message of the Plain of Arafah

One of the most awe-inspiring sights of the Hajj pilgrimage is the sea of humanity — millions of people from every corner of the globe — dressed in identical white ihram garments, standing together upon the Plain of Arafah. There are no symbols of wealth or poverty, no social castes, no nationality deemed more honourable than another. All stand equal before Allah as His servants.

This principle of equality is deeply consonant with the foremost foundation of modern Human Rights: the recognition that every human being is born with equal dignity and with rights that may not be taken away. Allah declares in the Qur’an:

“O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another…”

(Qur’an, Al-Hujurat: 13)

This verse constitutes an unequivocal rejection of racial supremacy and ethnic arrogance. In the same spirit, during his farewell sermon on the Plain of Arafah, the Prophet (ﷺ) declared that no Arab has superiority over a non-Arab, nor has any non-Arab superiority over an Arab, save through piety. Many Muslim scholars regard this address as one of the earliest moral declarations of human equality in the history of civilisation.

III. The Right to Life and the Sanctity of the Human Soul

The occasion of Eid al-Adha and the Hajj pilgrimage places considerable emphasis upon the sanctity of human life. In his Farewell Sermon (Khutbah al-Wada’), the Prophet (ﷺ) declared that the blood, property, and honour of every person are inviolable. This statement speaks directly to three of the central pillars of modern Human Rights: the right to life, the right to personal security, and the protection of individual honour and dignity.

The Qur’an itself lays a supremely robust moral foundation in this regard:

“Whosoever kills a soul without just cause, it is as though he has killed all of mankind.”

(Qur’an, Al-Ma’idah: 32)

This value establishes a firm moral bedrock: that no human being may be treated arbitrarily or with impunity. The principle is not merely a prohibition against killing; it is a summons to regard every life as an entity of immeasurable worth — a conviction that lies at the very heart of the entire edifice of international human rights law.

IV. Social Justice and Economic Rights Through the Act of Sacrifice

The act of udhiyah during Eid al-Adha is far more than a purely ritual slaughter of livestock. It carries unmistakably tangible social dimensions: feeding the poor, sharing one’s sustenance with others, alleviating socio-economic inequality, and strengthening communal solidarity. Allah commands in the Qur’an:

“Eat of them and feed the contented and the needy.”

(Qur’an, Al-Hajj: 36)

The message of this verse is unambiguous: acts of worship must not remain confined to the realm of private ritual, but must give rise to genuine social and humanitarian impact. From a Human Rights perspective, this ethos corresponds directly to the right to food, the right to an adequate standard of living, and the aspiration of social justice. In other words, the act of udhiyah represents a concrete manifestation of Islam’s concern for the economic and social rights of its most vulnerable members.

V. Moral Freedom and Human Dignity in the Story of Ibrahim

The narrative of the Prophet Ibrahim and the Prophet Ismail, alaihimassalam, which forms the spiritual backdrop of Eid al-Adha, contains a lesson on moral freedom that is frequently overlooked. In the Qur’an, the Prophet Ibrahim did not coerce Ismail unilaterally or by brute force. Instead, there was a dialogue of remarkable nobility:

“O my son, indeed I have seen in a dream that I am to slaughter you. So consider what you think.”

(Qur’an, As-Saffat: 102)

There are elements of communication, conscious awareness, and consent within this narrative. It suggests that the human being is not a mere object devoid of will, but a dignified creature invited to understand the meaning of sacrifice. A number of contemporary Muslim scholars and thinkers see in this dialogue a lesson that Islam honours human agency and the freedom of the will — a value that equally stands at the core of the concept of rights and freedoms within the Human Rights tradition.

VI. The Day of Arafah and the Universal Consciousness of Humanity

The Plain of Arafah is widely regarded by Islamic scholars as a miniature of the Day of Judgement: humanity gathers stripped of all worldly status, conscious of the transience of life, and in anticipation of divine reckoning. From this profound spiritual experience arises a vital existential awareness — that all human beings are mortal, all are weak before Allah, and all are in need of His mercy.

It is precisely this awareness that forms the ethical root of respect for one’s fellow human beings: if all people are equally mortal and equally weak before Allah, then no one has the right to oppress another. This spiritual value is closely akin to the ethical foundation of Human Rights — namely, the recognition that every person possesses an inherent dignity that no power, however great, may diminish.

VII. Points of Convergence and Philosophical Differences with Modern Human Rights

Despite the many strong points of convergence, it must equally be understood that Islam and modern Human Rights are not entirely identical. Islam is exceptionally robust in its affirmation of the right to life, social justice, the protection of the vulnerable, the prohibition of racism, and the safeguarding of personal honour. Nevertheless, on certain specific contemporary issues, differences of interpretation exist between international human rights law and classical Islamic jurisprudence.

The most fundamental difference lies in their philosophical groundings. Many modern human rights frameworks place individual rights at the centre as an autonomous, self-standing concept. In Islam, by contrast, rights are always paired with responsibilities — to Allah, to the community, to the family, and to moral values. Freedom in Islam does not mean freedom without limits, but rather freedom that is bound by justice and accountability.

Contemporary Muslim scholars endeavour to bridge these two traditions through the framework of maqasid al-shari’ah — the overarching objectives of Islamic law — which encompass the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property. These five objectives, in fact, overlap substantially with the fundamental rights recognised in international human rights instruments.

VIII. Conclusion

Eid al-Adha and the Day of Arafah are not merely occasions of annual ritual observance. They are grand reminders of universal human values: the equal dignity of all people, the sanctity of life and honour, social solidarity, the rejection of all forms of racism and arrogance, and the moral responsibility of every individual towards others.

These values share a powerful intersection with the foundations of Human Rights, even though the two traditions emerge from different intellectual sources. Herein lies the richness of civilisation: that truth concerning the dignity and rights of human beings may be arrived at by different paths — whether through divine revelation or through the long and arduous reasoning of human history.

By understanding the deep connection between Eid al-Adha and the principles of Human Rights, it is hoped that the commemoration of this celebration will no longer remain a ritual merely to be observed, but will become a genuine inspiration to champion justice, equality, and respect for the dignity of every human being in the course of daily life.

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Will the Rupiah Weaken Further?

A country's exchange rate is one of the most sensitive and strategically significant economic indicators. For Indonesia, the movement of the rupiah against the US dollar is far more than a figure on a trading board — it reflects the overall health of the national economy: from household purchasing power and government foreign debt burdens, to export competitiveness and international investor confidence in Indonesia's economic foundations.

As of mid-2026, the rupiah finds itself under considerable strain. In the third week of May 2026, the currency weakened to the Rp 17,600–17,750 per US dollar range — far exceeding the government's State Budget (APBN) assumption of Rp 16,500 per dollar for 2026. This situation raises a fundamental question: where is the rupiah headed, and what forces will determine its fate?

This essay seeks to answer that question by analysing historical trends, current conditions, key determining factors, and projections from authoritative institutions, in order to outline the most plausible scenarios for the rupiah's trajectory.

The Development of the Indonesian Rupiah

Projections, Challenges, and Key Determinants Against the US Dollar

Economic & Monetary Analysis | May 2026

Part I: A Historical Overview — The Rupiah's Long Journey

To understand the rupiah's current position, one must first examine its historical patterns.

The rupiah enjoyed a period of relative stability in the early New Order era, hovering around Rp 2,000 per dollar. However, the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997–1998 devastated that foundation: the currency plummeted to Rp 16,650 per dollar in January 1998 — a figure that was, at the time, regarded as a national economic catastrophe.

Following the reform era, the rupiah gradually recovered. Throughout 2003–2013, the exchange rate remained relatively stable in the Rp 8,500–12,000 range, supported by high global commodity prices, abundant foreign capital flows into emerging markets, and Indonesia's consistently strong economic growth above 5 per cent.

However, from 2013 onwards, a depreciatory trend resumed. The Federal Reserve's tapering of quantitative easing triggered capital outflows from emerging markets (the 'Taper Tantrum'). The rupiah continued its long-term slide, breaking through Rp 14,000 in 2015, Rp 15,000 in 2018, and permanently exceeding Rp 16,000 from 2023 onwards.

This pattern points to an inescapable structural reality: the rupiah is on a long-term depreciatory trend against the US dollar, shaped by a combination of domestic factors — such as current account deficits and import dependency — and global forces, including dollar strength and US interest rate dynamics.

Part II: Current Conditions — Where Does the Rupiah Stand Today?

In the third week of May 2026, the rupiah stood at Rp 17,600–17,750 per US dollar, far from the government's and Bank Indonesia's targets. On 19 May 2026, the currency closed at Rp 17,700, before recovering slightly to Rp 17,629 on 20 May 2026.

This depreciation did not occur overnight. Several significant events served as key triggers:

Trump's Tariff Shock

In early April 2025, US President Donald Trump announced a 32 per cent reciprocal tariff on Indonesian products. This 'Trade War 2.0' policy immediately rattled markets: the rupiah briefly touched levels above Rp 17,000 in Non-Deliverable Forward (NDF) trading, momentarily surpassing the lowest level recorded during the 1998 monetary crisis. Although Trump announced a 90-day tariff pause on 9 April 2025, pressure on the rupiah did not fully subside.

Persistent Capital Outflows

Sustained net foreign selling in Indonesia's capital markets since October 2024 continued to drain foreign exchange reserves and weigh on the rupiah. The proportion of foreign investor holdings in Indonesia's capital markets fell from 48.5 per cent in August 2024 to 41.24 per cent in February 2025, reflecting diminished global investor confidence in Indonesian assets.

Sustained High US Interest Rates

The Federal Reserve has yet to signal any significant interest rate cuts. Elevated US rates make dollar-denominated assets — particularly US Treasuries — highly attractive, prompting global investors to shift funds from emerging markets, including Indonesia, towards dollar safe-haven assets.

Seasonal Pressures

Bank Indonesia has noted that April through June historically represents a period of seasonal pressure on the rupiah, driven by heightened dollar demand for dividend payments, fuel imports, and foreign debt servicing.

Part III: Key Determinants of Rupiah Movement

The rupiah's exchange rate is shaped by a complex interplay of global and domestic variables. Understanding these factors is essential to projecting the currency's future direction.

A. Global Factors

1. US Federal Reserve Monetary Policy

The Fed's interest rate is effectively the 'gravitational force' for all global currencies. As long as the Fed maintains high rates, the US dollar will remain strong and pressure on the rupiah will persist. Conversely, any credible signal of rate cuts will weaken the dollar and create room for the rupiah to appreciate.

2. Geopolitical Tensions and Trade Wars

Trump's tariffs on Indonesia are not merely a bilateral economic matter — they generate global uncertainty that pushes investors towards safe-haven assets (the dollar, gold, US government bonds). The more the trade war escalates, the greater the pressure on emerging market currencies.

3. Export Commodity Prices

Indonesia is a major exporter of commodities: palm oil (CPO), coal, nickel, and rubber. When global commodity prices rise, foreign exchange inflows to Indonesia increase, rupiah demand strengthens, and the exchange rate tends to appreciate. A decline in commodity prices weakens the trade balance and the currency.

4. Global Risk-On/Risk-Off Sentiment

In periods of global uncertainty, investors tend towards risk-off behaviour — selling risky assets and buying safe ones. As an emerging market, Indonesia is perpetually vulnerable during such phases: capital flees, equities fall, and the rupiah weakens.

 

B. Domestic Factors

1. Fiscal Discipline

An excessively large budget deficit can trigger negative market perceptions regarding the sustainability of Indonesia's public finances. This may prompt capital outflows and weigh on the rupiah. Conversely, prudent fiscal management enhances market confidence.

2. Current Account Balance

When imports exceed exports (a current account deficit), demand for dollars outstrips supply, placing downward pressure on the rupiah. Conversely, a trade surplus — such as Indonesia's USD 19.3 billion surplus with the United States — provides a cushion for the currency.

3. Bank Indonesia's Foreign Exchange Reserves

Bank Indonesia uses its foreign exchange reserves to intervene in the currency market to stabilise the rupiah. Strong reserves provide greater intervention capacity; however, sustained intervention gradually depletes those reserves, imposing a practical limit.

4. BI's Interest Rate Policy

Higher BI rates make rupiah-denominated instruments more attractive to foreign investors, encouraging capital inflows and supporting the currency. Yet rate increases also slow domestic economic growth — a classic dilemma for any central bank.

5. Political Stability and Investor Confidence

A conducive investment climate, policy transparency, and political stability are intangible yet highly influential factors that shape foreign investors' risk perception of Indonesia.

Part IV: Projections from Authoritative Institutions

Various institutions — from Bank Indonesia to international research firms — have issued their forecasts for the rupiah. The table below summarises the key projections:

Institution / Source	Projected IDR/USD Rate (2026)
Bank Indonesia (BI)	Annual average Rp 16,430; APBN range Rp 16,200–16,800
State Budget 2026 (APBN Assumption)	Rp 16,500 per USD
Mirae Asset Securities	Rp 16,350 (end-2026, revised down from Rp 15,400)
International Research Institutions	Range of Rp 16,700–Rp 17,400 throughout 2026
Long Forecast	Range Rp 16,459–Rp 17,687, average ~Rp 17,000
Economist Josua	Rp 16,675–Rp 16,775 (end-2026)
President Prabowo's Target (2027)	Rp 16,800–Rp 17,500 per USD

These figures reflect a wide band of uncertainty. Crucially, many of these projections were formulated before the rupiah actually weakened to the Rp 17,600 level in May 2026. Current conditions have already exceeded the upper bound of several forecasts, at least temporarily.

Part V: Forward-Looking Scenarios — Where Is the Rupiah Headed?

Based on the foregoing analysis, three plausible scenarios emerge:

 

Scenario 1: Moderate Recovery (Optimistic)

Supporting conditions: The Fed cuts rates, the US–Indonesia trade war eases through tariff negotiations, global commodity prices stabilise or rise, Bank Indonesia intervenes effectively, and significant capital inflows materialise post-July 2026.

Projected outcome: The rupiah gradually strengthens towards Rp 16,500–16,800 by end-2026, approaching the APBN assumption. Bank Indonesia itself is optimistic that the annual average can return to the Rp 16,200–16,800 range, with July–August 2026 predicted as the turning point for appreciation.

 

Scenario 2: Stabilisation at a Weaker Level (Moderate / Realistic)

Supporting conditions: Global uncertainty remains elevated, the Fed holds rates steady, tariff negotiations remain inconclusive, and Indonesia's economic growth slows.

Projected outcome: The rupiah trades in the Rp 17,000–17,500 range through to end-2026 — weaker than the APBN target but without further deterioration. This aligns with Long Forecast's projection of an average around Rp 17,000.

 

Scenario 3: Continued Depreciation (Pessimistic)

Supporting conditions: The US trade war escalates, the 32 per cent tariff is applied in full, commodity prices collapse, confidence in Indonesian assets erodes, and large-scale capital outflows persist.

Projected outcome: The rupiah could weaken towards Rp 17,500–18,000, potentially approaching the psychologically significant Rp 17,845 level — which ironically mirrors Indonesia's proclamation of independence date (17-8-45), a scenario already discussed with some alarm by members of the Indonesian parliament in their hearings with the BI Governor.

Part VI: Implications and Policy Responses

A weakening rupiah carries contradictory effects that must be carefully managed:

Negative Impacts:

• Higher foreign debt servicing costs for the government (denominated in dollars)

• Rising import prices, fuelling domestic inflation

• Increased production costs for import-dependent industries

• Erosion of household purchasing power

Positive Impacts:

• Indonesian exports become more price-competitive internationally

• Higher government revenues from export levies and oil and gas income tax

• Commodity export earnings (in dollars) are worth more when converted to rupiah

In responding to these pressures, Bank Indonesia has several instruments at its disposal: intervention in the spot market and the Domestic Non-Deliverable Forward (DNDF) market, interest rate policy, and coordination with the government to maintain market confidence. The government, meanwhile, needs to strengthen its negotiating position in tariff discussions with the United States, diversify export markets, and maintain fiscal discipline.

Conclusion: Reading the Rupiah's Direction with Prudence

If there is a single lesson from the rupiah's history, it is that exchange rate forecasting carries inherent and substantial uncertainty. The factors shaping the exchange rate — from Fed policy to geopolitical conflict, from palm oil prices to global market sentiment — are too complex and dynamic to be reliably compressed into a single definitive figure.

The current situation (May 2026), with the rupiah at Rp 17,600, reflects exceptionally strong external pressures. Nevertheless, Bank Indonesia remains cautiously optimistic that the annual average exchange rate can return to the Rp 16,200–16,800 APBN range, with an expected appreciation commencing in July–August 2026 as seasonal pressures ease.

In the near term (second half of 2026), the rupiah has the potential to strengthen towards Rp 16,800–17,200, provided positive catalysts materialise: a signal of Fed easing, progress in tariff negotiations with the United States, and domestic political stability.

In the medium term (2027), President Prabowo has himself set a target of Rp 16,800–17,500 per dollar — a range that tellingly reflects expectations that the rupiah is unlikely to return to the Rp 16,000 level in the near future.

Ultimately, the strength of the rupiah cannot be separated from the strength of Indonesia's economic fundamentals: productivity, export competitiveness, investment quality, and investor confidence. So long as these foundations continue to be reinforced, there remains hope that the rupiah — whilst unlikely to revisit the Rp 13,000 era — can at least be maintained at a level that supports inclusive and sustainable economic growth.

This essay was compiled based on data and projections current as of May 2026, drawn from Bank Indonesia, the Indonesian Ministry of Finance, Mirae Asset Securities, Long Forecast, and various reputable economic media outlets. Exchange rate projections are indicative and subject to change in line with global dynamics.

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