"A political strongman is an authoritarian leader who concentrates power in their hands by undermining democratic institutions and suppressing opposition," Bhimasena continued. "These leaders typically appeal to nationalistic sentiments, project personal strength, and cultivate a cult of personality to maintain their rule. Scholars like Ruth Ben-Ghiat, in her book "Strongmen: Mussolini to the Present," analyze how such figures manipulate propaganda, corruption, and even violence to stay in power, often justifying their actions as necessary to protect the nation from chaos or external threats.Ben-Ghiat identifies common tactics used by strongmen across history—from Benito Mussolini and Francisco Franco to Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump. These tactics include presenting themselves as protectors of "law and order" while simultaneously engaging in illegal practices, promoting hyper-masculinity, and using fear to silence critics. Rather than ensuring stability, their rule often leads to political and social instability, benefiting only a narrow circle of allies at the expense of broader public interests.Ben-Ghiat reveals how these strongmen exploit national fears, use masculinity as a symbol of strength, and employ propaganda, violence, and corruption to maintain their grip on power. They present themselves as the nation's saviours, promising law and order while undermining democratic institutions and evading accountability.The narrative uncovers the common playbook these leaders follow: creating a cult of personality, manipulating the truth, and fostering a sense of perpetual crisis to justify their authoritarian rule. Ben-Ghiat also highlights the resistance movements that have risen to challenge these strongmen, emphasizing the importance of solidarity, dignity, and accountability in the fight against tyranny.Throughout her analysis, Ben-Ghiat emphasizes the importance of understanding history to avoid repeating its darkest chapters. By examining the lives of figures like Mussolini, Hitler, Gaddafi, Putin, and Trump, she reveals the common strategies used by these leaders to gain and maintain power—manipulating public fear, promoting hyper-masculinity, and dismantling democratic institutions.The narrative conveys the pearl of wisdom that vigilance and resistance are crucial in the face of rising authoritarianism. Ben-Ghiat underscores the value of solidarity among citizens, the necessity of protecting freedom of the press, and the role of civil society in holding leaders accountable. She also highlights the resilience of democratic principles and the power of collective action to combat tyranny.In essence, "Strongmen: Mussolini to the Present" teaches that preserving of democracy requires constant effort and awareness. It is a call to action for individuals to recognize the signs of authoritarianism and to unite in defence of their freedoms and rights. Through historical insights and contemporary reflections, Ben-Ghiat provides a roadmap for safeguarding democracy in an increasingly polarized world.Gideon Rachman’s "The Age of the Strongman" similarly highlights the rise of such leaders globally in recent decades, pointing to the erosion of democratic norms in countries like India, Brazil, and Hungary. These leaders are characterized by their disdain for checks and balances, reliance on personal loyalty, and manipulation of public opinion through misinformation campaigns.Both emphasize that authoritarianism today often takes subtler forms than traditional dictatorships, using elections as a façade while dismantling democratic structures from within. Recognizing and resisting these strategies is crucial to preserving democratic governance in the long term.These works provide valuable insights into how authoritarian figures gain and retain power, offering lessons on how societies can push back against such dangerous trends.In democratic governance, a good leader typically focuses on collective decision-making, transparency, and empowering others, contrasting with the "strong man" style, which prioritizes central authority and control. A democratic leader ensures that power is shared and deliberative processes guide decisions, fostering collaboration rather than dominance. This type of leadership emphasizes emotional intelligence, fairness, and participation rather than relying on charisma or unilateral decision-making.In political theory, a good leader in a democratic system embodies qualities that align with collective governance, transparency, and inclusiveness, standing in contrast to authoritarian "strongmen." Scholars like Archie Brown, in "The Myth of the Strong Leader," argue that effective democratic leadership emphasizes consultation, delegation, and collaboration rather than unilateral decision-making. Brown asserts that leaders like Franklin D. Roosevelt and Nelson Mandela achieved success not by imposing their will but by engaging diverse voices and building consensus.In political theory, a good leader in a democratic system embodies qualities that align with collective governance, transparency, and inclusiveness, standing in contrast to authoritarian "strongmen." Scholars like Archie Brown, in "The Myth of the Strong Leader," argue that effective democratic leadership emphasizes consultation, delegation, and collaboration rather than unilateral decision-making. Brown asserts that leaders like Franklin D. Roosevelt and Nelson Mandela achieved success not by imposing their will but by engaging diverse voices and building consensus.Similarly, The Oxford Handbook of Political Leadership emphasizes that good political leadership relies on institutional accountability, respect for civil rights, and responsiveness to public needs. This perspective highlights that effective leaders work within systems that foster checks and balances, ensuring that no single individual holds too much power, thus protecting democratic integrity.Other key traits include empathy, humility, and adaptability. These qualities allow leaders to understand the needs of their constituents and adjust policies accordingly. Values-based leadership, discussed by thinkers at Brookings, further stresses that good leaders prioritize ethics and public service, seeking long-term societal benefits over personal or short-term gains.In essence, while strong leadership is essential, a democratic leader focuses on facilitation and empowerment rather than dominance. Such leadership ensures that power is distributed, making democracy resilient and sustainable in the face of challenges."Bhimaputera asked, "What is the difference between a strong leader and the best leader? Which does a country need?""A strong leader and the best leader serve distinct roles, each bringing different attributes to leadership," Bhimasena replied. "A strong leader tends to emphasize power, decisiveness, and control, often excelling in moments of crisis or high-stakes situations. These leaders are often associated with traits such as authority, resilience, and a top-down approach to management, which can ensure swift action but may also suppress collaboration and creativity.In contrast, the best leader balances strength with emotional intelligence, humility, and adaptability. This type of leadership fosters long-term success through teamwork, shared purpose, and empowerment. Jim Collins’ Good to Great emphasizes that great leaders blend humility with professional will, creating an environment where people feel motivated to contribute, not coerced by authority alone.Collins and his team spent five years studying 11 companies that achieved extraordinary, sustained success for 15 years or more. Through meticulous research and analysis, Collins identified a common set of principles that these companies shared. One of the key factors was the "Level 5 Leadership" exhibited by their CEOs. Level 5 leaders are humble, yet incredibly determined, individuals who prioritize the company's long-term success over personal ambition. They are also capable of building enduring organizations by creating a culture of discipline and passion.Another critical element was the concept of "First Who, Then What." Instead of rushing to implement a new strategy, these companies focused on assembling the right team of people first. By hiring individuals who were both competent and committed to the company's vision, they were able to create a strong foundation for future growth.Finally, Collins emphasized the importance of "Hedgehog Concept." This idea suggests that great companies focus on a single, simple, and deeply understood idea that guides their decisions. By staying true to their core purpose, these companies were able to avoid the pitfalls of over-diversification and maintain a clear sense of direction.A country typically needs a leader who can pivot between these modes depending on the situation. During emergencies or crises, strong leadership might be essential to provide direction and order. However, for sustained development and societal progress, a country benefits more from leaders who emphasize shared goals, adaptability, and moral authority. Leaders with this broader vision create sustainable systems by empowering citizens and institutions to flourish independently over time.Similarly, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People by Stephen Covey underlines that effective leadership lies in character-building and collaboration rather than brute strength or control.The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership by John C. Maxwell is a classic leadership guide that outlines fundamental principles for effective leadership. Maxwell presents these laws as timeless truths that have guided successful leaders throughout history.One of the core laws is the Law of the Lid. This law states that leadership determines a person's level of effectiveness. In other words, a leader's capabilities set the ceiling for the organization's performance. Maxwell emphasizes the importance of continuous self-improvement for leaders to raise this ceiling.Another crucial law is the Law of Influence. This law highlights that leadership is not about position or authority but rather the ability to influence others. Effective leaders inspire and motivate their teams through their actions, words, and character.The Law of Respect is another cornerstone of leadership. It asserts that people follow leaders they respect. Leaders who demonstrate integrity, competence, and humility earn the respect of their followers.Maxwell also introduces the Law of Empowerment. This law emphasizes that leaders should empower their team members to reach their full potential. By delegating tasks and providing support, leaders can create a positive and productive work environment.In addition to these foundational laws, Maxwell explores other important principles such as the Law of Addition, the Law of Multiplication, and the Law of Legacy. These laws offer valuable insights into the qualities and behaviours that contribute to effective leadership. Maxwell's Law of Legacy states that leadership is not about position but about leaving a lasting impact. It's the idea that true leaders don't just achieve short-term goals or personal success; they create something enduring that benefits others long after they're gone. The Law of Legacy encourages leaders to think beyond themselves and their immediate goals. It reminds them that their true purpose is to make a positive difference in the world. Leaders should strive to create something that will outlast them. This could be a successful organization, a positive change in society, or a lasting legacy of values and principles. True leaders are not self-centred. They prioritize the needs and well-being of others and work to create a better future for them. Leaders should make decisions with an eye towards the long term. They should consider how their actions today will affect future generations.Start With Why by Simon Sinek is a motivational and leadership work that explores the power of purpose. Sinek argues that the most inspiring leaders and organizations are those that start with a clear "why" – a fundamental belief or purpose that drives their actions.Sinek uses the Golden Circle, a simple model, to illustrate this concept. The Golden Circle has three layers:
- What: This is the outer layer, representing the products, services, or features that an organization offers.
- How: This is the middle layer, representing the processes, strategies, or technology used to deliver the "what."
- Why: This is the innermost layer, representing the underlying belief or purpose that drives the organization.
Sinek contends that most organizations focus on the "what" and "how," leading to a transactional relationship with customers. In contrast, organizations that start with the "why" inspire and connect with people on an emotional level, creating a loyal and passionate following.Sinek shares stories of successful individuals and companies that have achieved extraordinary results by starting with their "why." He emphasizes the importance of authenticity, transparency, and vulnerability in leadership. By understanding the power of purpose, individuals and organizations can build stronger relationships, achieve greater success, and make a positive impact on the world."Then, who is the strong person from an Islamic perspective?" asked Gatotkaca.
Citations & References:
- Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Strongmen: Mussolini to the Present, 2020, W. W. Norton & Company
- Gideon Rachman, The Age of the Strongman: How the Cult of the Leader Threatens Democracy Around the World, 2022, Other Press
- Archie Brown, The Myth of the Strong Leader, 2014, Basic Books
- R . A. W. Rhodes and Paul Hart (Eds.),The Oxford Handbook of Political Leadership, 2014, Oxford University Press
- Jim Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap... and Others Don't, 2001, HarperBusiness
- Stephen R. Covey, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People: Restoring the Character Ethic, 2004, Free Press
- John C. Maxwell, The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership, 2010, Thomas Nelson
- Simon Sinek, Start With Why, 2011, Penguin UK
