"Bagong asked Gareng, 'Did you hear about the food festival to open on the moon?''Yea, it had great food, but no atmosphere,' Gareng replied.""Political stability is one of the key characteristics of a strong state or nation, and it refers to the degree to which a government is free from turmoil, violence, and serious disruptions that could affect its functioning. Political stability is like an anchor in a stormy sea, keeping a ship steady despite turbulent waters. Just as an anchor keeps a ship from drifting away in a storm, political stability holds a nation steady through challenges and crises, preventing it from veering off course. Political stability is the solid foundation upon which the structure of a nation is built. Just as a building relies on a strong foundation to stand tall and withstand environmental pressures, a nation relies on political stability to maintain order and progress," Seruni went on."Low levels of political violence, such as coups, riots, or armed rebellions mark political stability. It includes mechanisms to resolve disputes peacefully, whether political, social, or economic. Stable political systems ensure that leadership transitions are smooth and predictable, often following a defined and accepted process, such as elections. Political stability means that government policies are consistent and reliable, providing a stable environment for citizens and businesses to plan for the future.Theda Skocpol exercises a structural approach to understanding social revolutions by comparing the conditions and outcomes of revolutions in three significant cases: France, Russia, and China. Skocpol emphasizes the importance of structural factors, such as state institutions, social classes, and international pressures, in understanding the causes and outcomes of social revolutions. She moves away from focusing on individual actors or ideologies, instead examining how large-scale social and political structures shape revolutionary outcomes. Skocpol argues that the nature of the state, particularly its capacity and autonomy, is crucial in determining the likelihood and success of a revolution. She highlights how state structures can either suppress or facilitate revolutionary movements.Skocpol uses a comparative historical method to analyze the French Revolution (1789), the Russian Revolution (1917), a period of political and social change in the Russian Empire where Russia abolished its monarchy and adopted a socialist form of government following two successive revolutions and a bloody civil war, and the Chinese Communist Revolution (1949), a social and political revolution that culminated in the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Skocpol identifies economic crises and social dislocation, such as peasant unrest and economic hardships, as critical factors that contribute to revolutionary situations. These crises often undermine the legitimacy of the ruling regime and create openings for revolutionary movements. A central theme in Skocpol’s analysis is the role of state weakness and administrative breakdown in facilitating revolutions. She argues that revolutions are more likely when states face internal administrative crises or military defeats, which weaken their capacity to maintain order and suppress dissent. Skocpol also highlights the role of international pressures, such as wars and economic competition, in exacerbating internal weaknesses and creating conditions conducive to revolution.She argues that peasant mobilization is a crucial factor in the success of revolutionary movements. The breakdown of unity among the ruling elites, often driven by economic pressures and political rivalries, is another critical factor. This fragmentation weakens the state’s ability to respond effectively to revolutionary challenges.Revolutionary movements often aim to create new political institutions and social orders that reflect their ideological goals. While emphasizing structural factors, Skocpol acknowledges the role of revolutionary leadership in shaping the direction and outcome of revolutions. However, she argues that leaders are constrained by structural conditions and must navigate them to achieve their goals.Skocpol provides a structural framework for analyzing the causes and outcomes of social revolutions. Her emphasis on state institutions, social classes, and international pressures offers a nuanced understanding of how revolutions unfold and the transformative impact they have on societies.Juan J. Linz explores the dynamics of political stability in the context of democratic development. Linz defines political stability not merely as the absence of violence or the continuity of government but as the resilience of a political system in managing change, conflicts, and crises. It involves the process through which democratic institutions and practices become more established and deeply rooted within a society.External economic and political pressures can affect domestic stability. Democracies must navigate international relations carefully to maintain internal stability. Neighbouring countries' political conditions can influence a nation’s stability, requiring effective foreign policy and regional cooperation. The development of strong, resilient institutions that uphold democratic principles is crucial for long-term stability. Achieving a consensus on the rules of the game and fundamental democratic principles helps in maintaining stability. The ability of a political system to adapt to changing circumstances and challenges without undermining democratic integrity is vital for both stability and development.Linz emphasizes that political stability and democratic development are interdependent. Sustainable political stability in democracies arises from robust institutions, a supportive political culture, effective leadership, and the capacity to manage social conflicts and external pressures. The resilience and adaptability of democratic systems are key to enduring stability and progress.Andreas Schedler provides a comprehensive examination of political stability, emphasizing its conceptual foundations, the factors that contribute to it, and its implications for governance and society. Schedler defines political stability as a multifaceted concept encompassing the durability and resilience of political systems, the absence of large-scale violence or significant regime changes, and the predictability and regularity of political processes. He breaks down political stability into several dimensions, including governmental stability, policy stability, and systemic stability. Each dimension reflects different aspects of a political system's endurance and functionality.Schedler highlights the importance of well-designed political institutions that can effectively manage conflicts, represent diverse interests, and ensure accountability. Strong institutions contribute to stability by providing predictable and reliable mechanisms for governance. A culture that values democratic norms, rule of law, and peaceful conflict resolution supports political stability. Schedler emphasizes the role of socialization processes in embedding these values within society. Economic stability, equitable distribution of resources, and sustainable growth are crucial for maintaining political stability. Economic hardship and inequality can undermine political stability by fostering discontent and unrest.The integration of diverse groups and the management of social cleavages are essential for stability. Schedler underscores the role of inclusive policies and practices in promoting social cohesion. The perception of legitimacy among citizens enhances stability. Governments that are seen as legitimate are more likely to secure public support and compliance, reducing the risk of instability.Stable political systems are better able to implement and sustain policies, leading to more effective governance. Schedler argues that stability allows for long-term planning and consistent policy execution. Stability fosters a favourable environment for economic development by providing certainty and reducing risks for investors. Political stability is associated with higher levels of economic growth and development. Stable political systems are more capable of managing and resolving conflicts without resorting to violence. Schedler notes that stability reduces the likelihood of large-scale social upheaval and violent conflict. Political stability enhances a country’s standing in the international arena, facilitating diplomatic relations and economic cooperation. Stable nations are seen as reliable partners in the global community.Schedler discusses the impact of external factors such as economic crises, natural disasters, and international conflicts on political stability. He highlights the need for resilient institutions that can withstand external pressures. Internal challenges such as political corruption, factionalism, and governance failures can undermine stability. Schedler emphasizes the importance of addressing these issues through reforms and capacity-building. Periods of political transition, such as regime changes or democratic reforms, pose risks to stability. Schedler argues for careful management of these transitions to prevent instability.Schedler’s analysis emphasizes the complexity and multifaceted nature of political stability. By examining the causes and consequences of stability, he provides a nuanced understanding of how stable political systems function and the challenges they face. His work underscores the importance of resilient institutions, inclusive governance, and sustainable development in maintaining political stability.Institutional design, political culture and economic performance are key factors influencing political stability. The structure and function of political institutions play a crucial role. Robust institutions capable of withstanding political and economic pressures are critical for stability. Effective systems for managing crises, such as natural disasters or economic downturns, contribute to the resilience and stability of a nation. Effective institutions can manage societal conflicts, represent diverse interests, and provide mechanisms for peaceful change. The attitudes, values, and beliefs of the population towards the political system can significantly impact stability. A culture that supports democratic norms and practices contributes to stability. Economic stability and growth are essential as they affect citizens' perceptions of the government's legitimacy and capacity to govern. Stable governments typically implement sound economic policies that promote growth, reduce poverty, and manage inflation. A stable political environment attracts foreign investment, driving economic development and enhancing overall stability.Deep social divisions based on ethnicity, religion, or class can threaten stability. Effective democracies find ways to integrate diverse groups and mitigate conflicts. While essential for democracy, high levels of political mobilisation can lead to instability if not managed properly. Inclusive and participatory political processes are critical. Political stability is often found in countries that embrace diversity and promote a strong sense of national identity that transcends ethnic, religious, or cultural differences. Mechanisms for addressing and resolving conflicts peacefully are essential for maintaining social cohesion and stability.A stable state upholds the rule of law, where laws are clear, publicized, and applied equally to all individuals. Effective enforcement of laws ensures public order and deters criminal activity, contributing to political stability. An independent judiciary that upholds the rule of law without political influence is crucial for maintaining stability and justice. Courts are independent and free from political interference, ensuring fair trials and enforcement of laws. Strong institutions, such as an effective bureaucracy, police, and military, function properly and maintain order without overstepping their boundaries. Institutions are held accountable, preventing abuse of power and corruption.Effective internal security measures prevent insurgencies, terrorism, and crime, contributing to political stability. A well-maintained and responsible military deters external threats and upholds national sovereignty.Linz differentiates between charismatic leaders, who may bring change but can destabilize institutions, and leaders who strengthen institutional frameworks and stability. Leaders in a stable democracy must work within institutional boundaries, foster trust, and promote the rule of law.Leaders in a stable political environment are accountable to the public and their actions are transparent. Effective leadership with a long-term vision can guide the country towards sustainable development and stability. Political stability is marked by peaceful transitions of power, reducing the likelihood of conflict and maintaining governmental continuity. Clear plans and procedures for leadership succession prevent power vacuums and ensure the uninterrupted function of government.Political stability often correlates with a stable economy, where there are low levels of inflation, steady growth, and a favourable environment for investment. Stable governments can provide consistent social services, such as healthcare, education, and social security. High levels of public confidence and trust in government institutions and leaders are key indicators of political stability. Governments that are perceived as legitimate by their population tend to be more stable, often because they are seen as representative and accountable.A politically stable country typically has an efficient and effective government that can implement policies and provide services efficiently. It includes opportunities for citizen participation in the political process, such as voting, protesting, or engaging in dialogue with policymakers. Political stability implies a country’s ability to adapt to and recover from external shocks, such as economic crises, natural disasters, or global political changes. A stable nation has mechanisms to protect against external threats, such as invasions or terrorism.A sense of national identity and unity among the populace contributes to political stability by reducing ethnic or regional tensions. Integrating diverse groups within society fosters social harmony and reduces the likelihood of conflict.Political stability is crucial for economic growth, social welfare and international relations. Economic growth fosters a favourable environment for growth, investment, and development. Social Welfare ensures the continuity of social services and the welfare of the citizens. Stable countries are often more reliable partners in international relations and can better engage in diplomacy.Political stability is crucial for economic growth, social welfare and international relations. Economic growth fosters a favourable environment for growth, investment, and development. Social Welfare ensures the continuity of social services and the welfare of the citizens. Stable countries are often more reliable partners in international relations and can better engage in diplomacy.Political stability is fundamental to the prosperity and strength of a nation. It ensures that a government can function effectively and maintain order, which in turn fosters economic growth, social harmony, and overall national well-being.Free, fair, and regular elections are hallmarks of political stability, ensuring that the government reflects the will of the people. A stable political system has a balance of power or checks and balances among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches to prevent any single entity from becoming too powerful.Political stability is reinforced by policies that promote social justice and equity, ensuring that all groups within society have access to resources and opportunities. Addressing socio-economic inequalities can prevent unrest and foster a sense of fairness and stability within the society.Political stability is supported by an active and engaged civil society that participates in governance through advocacy, watchdog activities, and public discourse. Providing citizens with platforms to voice their concerns and contribute to policy-making enhances stability by fostering inclusivity and responsiveness.A free and independent media is crucial for political stability as it holds the government accountable and provides citizens with reliable information. Media that avoids sensationalism and promotes informed dialogue contributes to a more stable political environment.Policies that promote environmental sustainability and address climate change contribute to long-term stability by preventing resource conflicts and environmental degradation. Effective disaster preparedness and response systems enhance a country’s ability to cope with natural disasters, maintaining stability during crises.Strong international relations and partnerships contribute to political stability by enhancing security and economic opportunities. Active diplomatic engagement helps resolve conflicts and fosters stability both domestically and internationally.Policies that respect and integrate various cultural identities contribute to a cohesive and stable society. Protecting and promoting cultural heritage fosters national pride and social stability.Ongoing governance reforms to improve transparency, accountability, and efficiency are essential for maintaining political stability. Embracing technological and administrative innovations enhances government efficiency and responsiveness, supporting stability.Stability at a national level is often linked to regional stability, with countries cooperating on issues such as security, trade, and environmental management. A stable nation contributes to and benefits from global stability through participation in international organizations and adherence to international laws.Political stability is a multifaceted concept that encompasses various elements ranging from governance, economic policies, and social justice, to environmental sustainability and international relations. Each of these components interacts to create a stable and resilient state that can effectively manage internal and external challenges. Ensuring political stability requires continuous effort and adaptation to changing circumstances, with the ultimate goal of achieving a harmonious, prosperous, and sustainable society.Economic Strength is one of the key characteristics of a strong state or nation. A strong state has a diverse and resilient economy, less vulnerable to external shocks. Economic indicators like GDP, growth rate, and employment levels are healthy. Efficient infrastructure in transport, communication, and utilities supports economic activity. In the next episode, we will discuss it, biidhnillah."Seruni then recited a poem,Beneath the sky, where dreams take flight,A nation's strength, a beacon bright,In times of peace, in battles' fray,Its steadfast spirit lights the way.
Citations & References:
- Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China, 1979, Cambridge University Press
- Juan J. Linz, Political Stability and Democratic Development, 1997, Brookings Institution Press
- Andreas Schedler, The Anatomy of Political Stability: Concepts, Causes, and Consequences, 2006, Cambridge University Press
