The Four Inner Assets (6)

Character and integrity become most valuable when a person is placed in situations where doing the right thing is difficult, unpopular, or comes with personal cost. These qualities serve as a compass in such moments, guiding individuals to align with their values rather than convenience or pressure. They are especially vital during times of crisis, when the easy path often involves compromise, deception, or betrayal, and only those with firm moral grounding choose the harder but honourable road.

In relationships—whether personal, professional, or societal—character and integrity become most apparent and essential when trust is tested. When promises are broken, conflicts arise, or mistakes are made, it is integrity that helps rebuild trust and character that ensures accountability. People may not always agree with someone’s choices, but when those choices are made with clear ethical conviction, respect often follows.

Moreover, these qualities become most valuable when one holds power or influence, as they determine whether that power is used responsibly or abused. A person of character and integrity can be trusted to lead fairly, to tell the truth when it is inconvenient, and to stand firm even when standing alone. In a world full of shifting standards and competing interests, character and integrity are the steady lights that guide individuals—and entire communities—toward justice, dignity, and long-term trust.

Character and integrity are most visibly demonstrated in situations where individuals are faced with challenges or temptations that test their moral principles. One of the most significant areas is in personal relationships, where trust, honesty, and respect are required to maintain healthy bonds. In these contexts, the ability to stay true to one’s values, even when no one is watching or when there is an opportunity to take advantage of the situation, showcases a person’s true character.

Another area where integrity is clearly visible is in the workplace, especially when individuals make decisions that align with ethical standards, even if it means sacrificing personal gain or taking a stand against wrongdoing. Demonstrating integrity in professional settings involves owning up to mistakes, being transparent in actions, and doing the right thing even when it's difficult or inconvenient.

In public life, leaders and public figures often have their integrity tested, particularly when they are faced with pressures or situations that could compromise their principles. Whether in politics, media, or community leadership, their character is judged by how consistently they uphold ethical standards, particularly during crises or when there is a conflict between personal gain and the welfare of the public.

Additionally, character and integrity are often most visible in moments of adversity or hardship. How individuals handle these difficult times—whether they remain patient, honest, and compassionate or resort to deceit and selfishness—can reveal the depth of their moral foundation. For example, showing resilience and kindness during personal loss or standing up for what is right despite facing opposition are actions that visibly demonstrate character and integrity.

How can someone develop and strengthen character and integrity?

Someone can develop and strengthen character and integrity by reflecting regularly on their values, practising honesty in all circumstances, seeking accountability from trustworthy mentors, learning from mistakes, and consciously choosing actions that align with ethical principles even when it is difficult or costly.

Developing and strengthening character and integrity is a lifelong process that begins with self-awareness and a sincere commitment to living by one's values. A person must first reflect deeply on what they believe is right and wrong, identifying the principles that they want to guide their actions. This inner clarity becomes the foundation upon which integrity is built, as it allows an individual to act consistently, even when faced with pressure or temptation.

One of the most powerful ways to cultivate character is by making conscious choices each day that align with those values, especially in small, everyday situations. Whether it’s being honest in difficult conversations, keeping promises even when it’s inconvenient, or resisting shortcuts that compromise fairness, these moments shape a person’s moral strength over time. Each choice, no matter how minor it may seem, becomes part of a larger pattern that reinforces integrity and builds resilience against moral compromise.

Another crucial part of developing character is learning from failure. No one is perfect, and mistakes are inevitable, but integrity involves admitting when one has gone wrong, making amends, and striving to do better. This humility, combined with a willingness to grow, transforms failure into a teacher rather than a source of shame. Surrounding oneself with people of strong character also has a powerful influence, as it provides examples to follow and encouragement to remain true in challenging times.

Ultimately, character and integrity are not traits someone is simply born with—they are forged in the quiet decisions a person makes when no one else is watching, and in the courage they show when doing right means standing alone. It is through these consistent efforts that a person’s character becomes not just a belief, but a way of life.

Our last inner assets are Hope and Determination. From a scientific perspective, hope is not merely wishful thinking, but a structured cognitive-emotional state deeply rooted in goal-setting behaviour. According to psychologist Charles R. Snyder’s Hope Theory, hope involves two essential elements: the ability to envision multiple pathways to a goal (called “pathways thinking”) and the motivation or energy to pursue those paths (known as “agency thinking”). Hopeful individuals, therefore, are not passive dreamers—they are strategic thinkers who believe they can find solutions and persist through obstacles. Scientific studies have shown that people with high levels of hope tend to be more resilient, better at problem-solving, and even experience improved physical health and well-being.

The French existentialist philosopher Gabriel Marcel explored the concept of hope in depth, especially in the context of human suffering, uncertainty, and spiritual experience. He did not see hope as mere optimism or naive expectation but rather as a faithful trust in the unseen future, often arising precisely in despair or crisis.

One of Marcel’s most significant works where he discusses this theme is "Homo Viator: Introduction to a Metaphysic of Hope" (translated by Emma Craufurd, published by the Camelot Press in 1951) originally published in French in 1944 as Homo Viator: Prolégomènes à une métaphysique de l'espérance). In this book, Marcel presents the human being as a “traveller” (viator)—a pilgrim moving through life with the capacity to hope, not based on empirical certainty but on a profound inner trust. He writes that hope is an act of the spirit, a decision to say “yes” to life, even when outward circumstances provide no guarantee of success or resolution.

Marcel emphasises, "Espérer, c’est affirmer que le désespoir n’est pas le dernier mot" (Hope consists in asserting that despair is not the last word). Hope is an act of inner resistance against finality, despair, or meaninglessness. For him, hope is not a denial of suffering but a refusal to let suffering define the whole of reality. He argues that hope affirms the possibility of transformation, even when outwardly things appear unchangeable.

In the same work, Marcel also writes, "L’espérance est essentiellement la disponibilité de l’âme à l’imprévu." (Hope is essentially the availability of the soul to the unforeseen). This line suggests that hope requires an open-hearted posture—one that remains receptive to what cannot yet be seen, explained, or controlled. Marcel viewed such a disposition as deeply spiritual, often nurtured through fidelity, love, and trust in something beyond the material world.

Marcel’s core belief is that hope is not a passive emotion, but a metaphysical and spiritual orientation—a readiness to welcome the unexpected, even amid hardship. His use of the term disponibilité (availability) emphasises the openness of the heart, and l’imprévu (the unforeseen) points to that which transcends logical control.

Marcel connects the ego with hope by showing that when the ego is isolated, it tends toward despair and objectification of self and others. But when the ego is open to transcendence and to the mystery of the other, it becomes capable of hope.

Hope, in this sense, is the affirmation of the ego's capacity to go beyond itself, remain faithful, trust, and wait—especially when no visible outcome is guaranteed.

Marcel also emphasises that hope is essential to ethics. Without hope—especially the hope that transcends our immediate, material conditions—ethical action can become cynical or purely self-interested. He believes that when human action loses its connection to the transcendent and the future, it risks becoming empty and devoid of deeper meaning.

Marcel views modernity as a time when ethical values are increasingly threatened by technological progress, the pursuit of individual autonomy, and the loss of meaning in human relationships. When ethical values become abstracted from lived experience, when they are reduced to external rules, and when hope is replaced with despair or cynicism, humanity faces a dangerous situation—one where true ethical action, rooted in fidelity and trust, is endangered.

Determination, on the other hand, has been explored extensively through the lens of grit, a concept popularised by psychologist Angela Duckworth. Determination, in this sense, refers to sustained passion and perseverance toward long-term goals. It is not about short bursts of effort, but about the willingness to endure challenges, delay gratification, and keep going despite failure or slow progress. Neuroscientific research shows that determination engages areas of the brain responsible for executive function, such as the prefrontal cortex, which governs planning, self-control, and decision-making—highlighting that determination is both a mental and emotional endurance process.

In Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance (2016, Scribner), Angela Duckworth defines grit as the unique combination of sustained passion and long-term perseverance toward especially meaningful goals. Unlike fleeting motivation or raw talent, grit reflects a person's capacity to remain committed to a purpose over months or even years—despite obstacles, failures, boredom, or slow progress. Duckworth argues that grit is a stronger predictor of success than IQ, social intelligence, or physical talent because it enables individuals to persist through challenges and keep moving forward when the initial excitement fades.

Duckworth's research, supported by studies of West Point cadets, spelling bee champions, teachers, and business leaders, shows that those with grit tend to maintain effort and interest over long periods. Passion, in this sense, is not a short burst of enthusiasm but a deep, enduring devotion to a cause or pursuit, while perseverance means working diligently and consistently, even when progress is difficult. What sets gritty people apart is their refusal to give up—they embrace struggle as part of the journey.

According to Duckworth, grit matters because achievement is rarely the result of talent alone. Talent may determine how fast we improve, but effort counts twice: first, effort builds skill, and then effort applied to skill produces achievement. This insight challenges the myth of innate genius by highlighting the importance of deliberate practice, resilience, and long-term focus.

Duckworth also emphasises that grit is not fixed—it can be cultivated through purpose, hope, disciplined practice, and supportive environments. Her message is that anyone, regardless of natural ability, can succeed by developing the habits of persistence and deep commitment to what truly matters to them.

In her work, Duckworth discusses hope not as a passive wish for things to improve, but as an active, gritty mindset rooted in perseverance and belief in personal growth. According to Duckworth, hope is the expectation that our efforts can improve our future—that no matter how difficult things become, we have the power to influence outcomes through sustained effort and resilience.

Duckworth distinguishes this kind of hope from naive optimism. It's not simply believing that "things will get better" on their own, but rather believing "I have the ability to make them better." This hopeful attitude is deeply connected to grit because it fuels a person's willingness to keep trying, even in the face of repeated failures, setbacks, or slow progress.

In her words, gritty people see failure not as a permanent state, but as a signal to try again in a smarter way. They practice what psychologists call "learned industriousness", in contrast to "learned helplessness" (a concept coined by psychologist Martin Seligman). While helpless individuals internalise failure as a fixed limitation, hopeful and gritty individuals treat setbacks as challenges they can overcome by adjusting their strategies and continuing to work.

Duckworth connects this understanding of hope to a growth mindset, a concept developed by Carol Dweck, which emphasizes that talents and abilities can be developed through effort, learning, and persistence. Thus, in Duckworth's view, hope is inseparable from grit—it is both a belief in progress and a willingness to work toward it, even when the path is uncertain or difficult.

Determination is the unwavering commitment to act on that hope. It is the drive that fuels consistent effort, the refusal to quit when faced with difficulty, and the inner discipline to continue working toward meaningful goals even when progress is slow or invisible. Together, hope and determination form a powerful psychological engine that allows a person to move forward in life with dignity, resilience, and courage.

The most important aspects of Hope and Determination as inner assets lie in their ability to shape how a person confronts adversity, pursues long-term goals, and sustains meaning in life despite uncertainty. Hope is not merely wishing for good outcomes, but rather the deep belief that the future can be better—and that one’s actions can help bring it about. It is a cognitive and emotional resource that gives people the strength to imagine alternatives to suffering, to endure hardship with purpose, and to persevere through periods of darkness without surrendering to despair.

As inner assets, they are not dependent on external circumstances; even when everything else is stripped away—status, comfort, or opportunity—hope and determination remain deeply personal forces that no one can take away. These qualities are essential not only for personal growth but also for enduring suffering with integrity, for they sustain the belief that life has value and that one’s actions still matter, regardless of the outcome.

The meaning and virtue of possessing the four inner assets—Knowledge & Skills, Faith & Beliefs, Character & Integrity, and Hope & Determination—lie in their enduring nature and their power to shape a person’s identity, resilience, and purpose in life. Unlike material possessions that can be lost, stolen, or destroyed, these inner assets are rooted deeply within the self. They are cultivated through experience, reflection, struggle, and personal growth, and they remain with a person even in the most challenging circumstances.

Knowledge and skills empower individuals to adapt, solve problems, and contribute meaningfully to their communities. When one possesses true understanding and practical ability, they carry within them the tools to rebuild, reinvent, and reimagine their future—even after loss or failure.

Faith and beliefs provide a spiritual and moral compass. They guide a person’s values, shape their vision of the world, and give meaning to suffering and uncertainty. In moments of crisis, faith can anchor the soul and inspire endurance. It is this unseen strength that can help people hold onto purpose when everything else seems to fall apart.

Character and integrity are the foundations of trust, self-respect, and dignity. They represent a person’s inner truth and the consistency between values and actions. Even in isolation or hardship, a person with strong character does not lose their moral bearings. Integrity gives them the ability to stand firm, act ethically, and serve as a light for others.

Hope and determination give energy to the soul. They allow a person to look forward, believe in change, and work toward a better reality. These qualities are what sustain action in the face of difficulty and push individuals to rise again after falling. Together, they ensure that despair does not have the final word.

The Islamic concept of istiqamah—which means remaining firm, upright, and consistent in faith and righteous action—deeply aligns with the ideas of hope and determination, though it is rooted in a spiritual framework that centres on devotion to Allah. While hope in modern philosophy and psychology, such as in the works of Viktor Frankl or Angela Duckworth, often refers to the internal belief that a better future is possible, and determination reflects the will to keep striving despite adversity, istiqamah integrates both of these with a divine anchor. It is not merely perseverance or optimism, but rather a consistent, unwavering commitment to truth and moral integrity, sustained by hope in Allah's mercy and trust in His guidance. As described in the Qur'an (Surah Fussilat 41:30), those who say “Our Lord is Allah” and then remain steadfast (istiqamah) are assured of divine support, comfort, and reward. Thus, while hope and determination are seen as psychological strengths in secular contexts, istiqamah represents their spiritual embodiment—where endurance is fueled not just by personal resolve, but by faith, purpose, and submission to a higher truth.

To possess these four inner assets is to carry with oneself a source of strength that is not subject to the world’s instability. They are the essence of human resilience and the building blocks of a meaningful life. When all else is uncertain, these are the treasures that remain—quiet, invisible, but profoundly powerful.

[Part 5]

[Part 1]

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The Four Inner Assets (5)

No one can take away what you truly believe. You truly own what you believe because belief happens inside you—it's anchored in your mind, your heart, your soul. No one can reach into your inner world and forcefully remove conviction the way they can take your house, your money, or even your freedom. True belief is invisible and intangible—rooted in your will, understanding, and choice. Even under pressure, even in pain, even surrounded by lies, a person can silently hold onto what they believe—and in that, they remain free.

Socrates (399 BCE) was sentenced to death for "corrupting the youth" and impiety. Socrates refused to renounce his beliefs. He drank the poison (hemlock) willingly rather than betray his principles. His belief in truth, virtue, and reason could not be taken away—even by death.

External chains don't enslave you—being ruled by bodily needs or fears does, as Seneca said in Letters to Lucilius, "Nemo liber est qui corpori servit" (No one is free who is a slave to his body).

Your virtue, like your belief, is independent—not at the mercy of the crowd or external judgment. Cicero said, "Virtus in se est: laudatur ab aliis, non pendet ex aliis" (Virtue exists in itself: it is praised by others but does not depend on others).

External things don't touch your soul; it's your judgment about them that matters, Marcus Aurelius said, "Quod tibi molestum est, ex tua opinione est" (What troubles you is only your opinion of it).

Before we go on, let me explain what the inner and outer assets are. An inner asset refers to qualities, values, or strengths that exist within a person’s heart, mind, or soul. These are things that cannot be physically seen, touched, or taken away by others. Inner assets include traits such as faith, wisdom, resilience, kindness, integrity, patience, and emotional strength. For example, a person’s courage in the face of adversity or their unwavering faith during difficult times are considered powerful inner assets. These assets grow through experience, reflection, and personal development, and they often serve as the foundation for a person's character and way of life.

An outer asset, by contrast, refers to external possessions or positions that can be seen, measured, and transferred. Outer assets include material wealth like money, houses, cars, and also social standings such as professional titles, awards, or public reputation. For instance, owning a luxurious home or holding a prestigious position in a company are examples of outer assets. These assets are visible to others and are often valued by society because they can be indicators of success or influence.

The key difference between an inner asset and an outer asset lies in their nature and permanence. Inner assets are intangible and deeply rooted within a person; they are not easily lost unless a person themselves surrenders them. Outer assets, on the other hand, are tangible and external—they can be gained, taken away, stolen, or destroyed by circumstances beyond one's control. Someone might lose all their wealth or social status, but if they possess strong inner assets like faith, courage, and dignity, they still retain a treasure that no external force can erase.

In essence, inner assets sustain a person’s true strength and identity, while outer assets reflect their temporary condition in the world. True lasting wealth, many would argue, comes from nurturing what lies within.

Our third inner assets are character and integrity. Character refers to the set of moral and ethical traits that define a person’s actions and reactions. It includes qualities such as honesty, kindness, resilience, humility, and courage. Integrity is the steadfast adherence to a strict moral or ethical code; it means being honest and having strong moral principles even when no one is watching.

Character from a scientific or philosophical perspective is understood as the set of deeply ingrained moral and ethical traits that govern a person’s behaviour. Scientifically, in the field of personality psychology, scholars such as Gordon Allport have explained that character is the moral dimension of personality—it represents how individuals are evaluated based on their goodness or badness. Character is seen as the result of a combination of nature (genetics), nurture (the environment and upbringing), and conscious choices. It is not merely a set of automatic responses, but a structure built through repeated decisions to act ethically over time.

In philosophy, particularly in ancient Greek thought, Aristotle emphasised that character (ethos) is shaped through habituation. According to him, virtues are not innate but developed through consistent practice; in other words, one becomes courageous, honest, or kind by repeatedly choosing to act courageously, honestly, and kindly. For Aristotle, character is about striving for the "golden mean" between extremes. Meanwhile, in modern philosophy, Immanuel Kant focused on character as the commitment to act according to universal moral laws, regardless of personal interests. In this view, a good character involves the will to do the right thing simply because it is right, not because of any reward or fear of punishment.

From the perspective of Islam, character is referred to as khuluq, and it holds an extremely exalted position in the life of a Muslim. The Qur'an itself praises the Prophet ﷺ by saying, "And indeed, you are of a great moral character" (Surah Al-Qalam 68:4). This indicates that the pinnacle of human excellence lies in possessing noble character traits. Furthermore, the Prophet ﷺ stated, "I was only sent to perfect good character," as recorded in hadith collections like Al-Bukhari’s Adab Al-Mufrad and authenticated by scholars such as Al-Albani. This hadith clearly shows that one of the core purposes of the Prophetic mission was to establish and complete the highest standards of character.

In Islamic understanding, character consists of traits such as honesty (sidq), trustworthiness (amanah), humility (tawadhu'), patience (sabr), gratitude (shukr), and justice ('adl). Scholars like Imam Al-Ghazali, in works such as Ihya Ulumuddin, explain that character is a stable inner condition that causes actions to flow naturally without the need for constant conscious deliberation. If a person still struggles heavily before telling the truth, for example, then their character has not yet fully internalised honesty. True character in Islam is thus the natural and spontaneous result of sound faith, deep knowledge, and continuous struggle (mujahadah) against one's lower desires.

In summary, both science and philosophy view character as a stable set of moral tendencies shaped through habit, environment, and conscious choice, whereas in Sunni Islam, character is seen as an internal spiritual quality rooted in faith that manifests consistently in virtuous action without struggle.

Integrity, from a scientific or philosophical perspective, is generally defined as the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that one consistently upholds, even when no external force compels one to do so. Scientifically, in the fields of psychology and behavioural ethics, integrity is seen as the alignment between a person's values, beliefs, and actions. Researchers have studied integrity concerning trustworthiness, authenticity, and ethical behaviour, concluding that individuals with high integrity demonstrate internal consistency—their actions match their stated principles across different circumstances. Integrity is also associated with psychological well-being because people who live according to their values experience less inner conflict, greater self-respect, and deeper life satisfaction.

From a philosophical standpoint, especially within the tradition of moral philosophy, integrity is considered a fundamental virtue. Philosophers like Aristotle hinted at the importance of integrity through the idea of living a virtuous life governed by reason and habituated practice, though he did not use the term explicitly. In modern philosophy, thinkers such as Immanuel Kant emphasised the concept of moral duty and the idea that an individual must act according to a set of universal principles, regardless of personal inclinations or consequences. For Kant, true integrity meant maintaining moral consistency, treating others as ends in themselves and not merely as means to an end. Integrity, therefore, is a coherent and unwavering commitment to ethical values, requiring the individual to resist hypocrisy, deceit, and self-betrayal.

From the perspective of Islam, integrity is deeply rooted in the concepts of sidq (truthfulness) and amana (trustworthiness). Integrity in Islam is not merely about outward behaviour but fundamentally about the condition of the heart and the sincerity of one's intentions. The Prophet ﷺ is described in the Qur'an and in authentic hadith as the ultimate example of integrity, known among his people as "Al-Sadiq" (the Truthful) and "Al-Amin" (the Trustworthy) even before his prophethood. Islamic teachings emphasise that a true believer is someone whose inner reality matches their outward appearance, as reflected in the Qur'anic verse, "O you who believe! Fear Allah and be with those who are true" (Surah At-Tawbah 9:119). In this context, integrity is about remaining truthful in speech, faithful in promises, loyal to trusts, and steadfast in righteousness, whether in private or public.

Islamic scholars like Imam Al-Ghazali have elaborated that integrity involves preserving one's commitments to Allah, to oneself, and to others, without falling into deceit or self-deception. It is not enough to appear righteous; one must be righteous in secret and in public alike. Integrity, therefore, is a condition that encompasses honesty, sincerity, reliability, and moral courage, requiring continuous vigilance over one’s heart and actions. In Islam, maintaining integrity is both a spiritual and an ethical obligation, and it directly influences the quality of a believer’s relationship with his Rabb and with society.

So, both scientific and philosophical traditions view integrity as the consistent practice of moral principles regardless of external pressures, while Islam views integrity as an essential quality of faith, manifesting in truthfulness, trustworthiness, and unwavering sincerity toward Allah and His creation.

The following examples illustrate what living with true integrity looks like in modern daily life, considering both a general and an Islamic viewpoint.

Honesty in speech: Living with integrity means consistently telling the truth, even when it might be difficult or inconvenient. For instance, if someone makes a mistake at work, a person with integrity will admit it openly and take responsibility instead of hiding it or blaming others. This is consistent with the Islamic principle of sidq (truthfulness), where the Prophet ﷺ emphasised the importance of speaking the truth, even when it may not benefit oneself or when it’s uncomfortable.

Keeping promises and being reliable: Integrity means following through on commitments and promises, even when it requires effort or sacrifice. If you say you will help someone with a task, you honour that promise without trying to avoid it or back out at the last minute. In Islam, amana (trustworthiness) is a central concept; it emphasises the responsibility of fulfilling one’s promises, whether to fellow humans or to Allah. The Prophet ﷺ said, "When a man is trusted with something, he should return it to the one who entrusted him" (Sahih al-Bukhari).

Ethical decision making: Someone with integrity makes decisions based on their values and moral principles, regardless of the potential for personal gain. For example, if faced with an opportunity to cheat on a test, a person of integrity would choose to forgo any shortcuts and study honestly, even if it means working harder. In Islamic teachings, integrity is closely tied to avoiding morally wrong actions, such as deceit, dishonesty, or exploitation.

Respect for others' rights: Integrity involves respecting the rights and dignity of others. It means treating people with fairness and justice, whether in a professional or personal context. For instance, when someone entrusts you with their personal information, you maintain confidentiality and do not misuse that trust. The Prophet ﷺ taught that one’s integrity is reflected in how they treat others with kindness, fairness, and respect. "The best of you are those who are the best to their women" (sahih by Tirmidhi). This hadith emphasises that integrity, kindness, and fairness are central to how a person treats others, especially in their relationships. The Prophet ﷺ highlighted the importance of showing respect and fulfilling the rights of women, which is directly linked to a person’s integrity and moral character. This teaching is consistent with the broader Islamic principles of justice, kindness, and respect in all relationships, and it underscores that a person’s integrity is demonstrated through how they treat others, particularly those who are in their care.

Admitting faults and seeking improvement: A person with integrity does not shy away from recognising their shortcomings and actively seeks ways to improve. If they wrong someone, they take accountability and seek forgiveness. In Islam, seeking forgiveness from Allah for one’s sins is encouraged as a means of restoring integrity and purifying one’s heart. The Qur'an says, "And those who, when they commit an immorality or wrong themselves [by sin], remember Allah and seek forgiveness for their sins—and who can forgive sins except Allah?" (Surah Al-Imran 3:135).

Moral courage in challenging situations: Integrity is also about standing up for what is right, even in the face of opposition or pressure. For example, if someone witnesses an injustice or unethical behaviour at work or in society, a person with integrity would speak out or take action to correct it, even if it risks personal repercussions. This mirrors the Islamic concept of amr bil ma’ruf wa nahy anil munkar (enjoining good and forbidding evil), where Muslims are encouraged to act with integrity and courage in advocating for justice.

Consistent behaviour in private and public: A person of integrity doesn’t change their behaviour depending on who is watching. Whether they are at home, at work, or in public, they maintain the same ethical standards. This consistency is highly valued in Islam, where the idea of ikhlas (sincerity) is central. Allah commands in the Qur’an, "Say, 'Indeed, my prayer, my rites of sacrifice, my living and my dying are for Allah, Lord of the worlds'" (Surah Al-An'am 6:162). This shows that true integrity involves sincerity, regardless of circumstances or external recognition.

Respecting confidentiality and trust: In daily life, integrity also involves maintaining confidentiality when entrusted with private information. If someone confides in you about a sensitive matter, you honour that trust and do not disclose it to others without permission. Islam places great emphasis on the trust one carries when handling others' secrets, as it is a matter of integrity and respect for people's dignity.

Living with integrity means that a person consistently practices honesty, responsibility, fairness, and ethical behaviour, irrespective of external circumstances. Whether in personal relationships, professional life, or in moments of public visibility, integrity remains the steady compass that guides one’s actions. In Islamic teachings, integrity is not just a social value but a reflection of one's inner faith, commitment to Allah, and sincere desire to do what is right, even when it is difficult.

Why are character and integrity important as inner assets?

Character and integrity are important as inner assets because they form the foundation of trust, respect, and authenticity in both personal and professional relationships. When someone possesses strong character, they are viewed as reliable, which is essential in building lasting relationships. Integrity, which involves acting following one’s moral principles, further strengthens this trust by ensuring that a person’s actions are consistent with their words and values, even when no one is watching.

These qualities create a sense of inner peace and confidence, as people with strong character and integrity are less likely to experience internal conflict or guilt about their actions. They align their behavior with their values, which leads to greater self-respect and a clearer conscience. Additionally, individuals with these inner assets are more resilient in facing challenges because they are guided by a solid moral compass, allowing them to make difficult decisions with clarity and confidence.

In a broader context, character and integrity also contribute to a person’s long-term success and well-being. In the workplace, for example, people with integrity are trusted with responsibility, are respected by colleagues, and are seen as leaders by example. Their commitment to ethical practices fosters a culture of honesty and fairness. Similarly, in society, individuals with strong character and integrity are often seen as role models, inspiring others to uphold similar values. In short, character and integrity serve as crucial internal resources that lead to personal fulfilment, social harmony, and collective progress.

Who benefits from the possession of character and integrity? Everyone benefits when individuals possess character and integrity. The individuals themselves gain inner peace and a clear conscience, while communities, workplaces, and societies become stronger and healthier through relationships built on trust and authenticity.

Character and integrity are most visibly demonstrated in challenging situations — for example, when one faces temptation, pressure, or adversity. They are shown in how a person treats others when there is no apparent reward or recognition, and in how consistently a person upholds their values across different environments.

Character and integrity become most valuable during times of crisis, conflict, or decision-making. When resources are scarce, when ethical dilemmas arise, or when others falter, a person’s inner assets of character and integrity provide unwavering guidance, often earning lasting respect and influence.

Someone can develop and strengthen character and integrity by reflecting regularly on their values, practising honesty in all circumstances, seeking accountability from trustworthy mentors, learning from mistakes, and consciously choosing actions that align with ethical principles even when it is difficult or costly.

[Part 6]

[Part 4]

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The Four Inner Assets (4)

Khabbab ibn al-Aratt (radhiyallahu 'anhu) was one of the earliest converts to Islam during the lifetime of the Prophet (ﷺ). He was a slave at the time and belonged to a society that violently opposed the new message of Islam. Because he believed in the Oneness of Allah and his rejection of idol worship, his pagan master subjected him to brutal torture.
One day, Khabbab was dragged over burning coals until the flesh on his back melted and stuck to the rocks. Despite this agonising torment, he never renounced his faith. His belief in Allah remained firm, even as his body was nearly destroyed.
Later, during the time of the Caliphate, his status changed dramatically. He was no longer a slave, but a respected Companion and a veteran of many battles. Yet, he remained humble and would often say:
“Those who came before us endured more than we. They were sawn in half and combed with iron combs, yet they did not renounce their faith. But we have become impatient.”
This shows that faith (īmān) is not just belief in the mind—it's commitment in the heart and resilience in action, especially when tested. Khabbab’s story is a living example of what it means to believe in something so strongly that no external force can shake it.

The strength of faith doesn't always show in comfort—often, it's proven in hardship. Belief gives meaning to suffering, and it gives courage where logic fails. People like Khabbab (radhiyallahu 'anhu) believed not just in an idea, but in a reality greater than the world around them.

Another deeply touching and powerful anecdote about faith and belief, this time from the life of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham, alayhissalam)—a timeless example found in both the Qur'an and Islamic tradition.

Prophet Ibrahim (alayhissalam) lived in a society that worshipped idols, and he stood alone in challenging their false beliefs. He reasoned with his people and exposed the futility of idol worship. Eventually, in an act of defiance, he destroyed the idols in the temple — all except one. When the people asked who had done it, he pointed to the remaining idol and said, “Ask him if he can speak!”

Furious, the leaders, including the tyrant King Nimrod, decided to make an example of Ibrahim. They built a massive fire—so hot that birds couldn’t fly over it—and prepared to throw him into it.

Now imagine: Ibrahim was alone. No one came to his aid. No army. No crowd. No miracle yet. Just fire. And faith.

As he was being thrown in, the angel Jibrīl (Gabriel) came to him and said, “Do you need help?”

Ibrahim replied calmly and beautifully:

Prophet Ibrahim (alayhissalam) lived in a society that worshipped idols, and he stood alone in challenging their false beliefs. He reasoned with his people and exposed the futility of idol worship. Eventually, in an act of defiance, he destroyed the idols in the temple — all except one. When the people asked who had done it, he pointed to the remaining idol and said, “Ask him if he can speak!”

Furious, the leaders, including the tyrant King Nimrod, decided to make an example of Ibrahim. They built a massive fire—so hot that birds couldn’t fly over it—and prepared to throw him into it.

Now imagine: Ibrahim was alone. No one came to his aid. No army. No crowd. No miracle yet. Just fire. And faith.

As he was being thrown in, the angel Jibrīl (Gabriel) came to him and said, “Do you need help?”

Ibrahim replied calmly and beautifully:

حَسْبُنَا اللّٰهُ وَنِعْمَ الْوَكِيْلُ

[... Hasbiyallāh wa niʿma al-wakīl ...]

“... Allah is sufficient for me, and He is the best Disposer of affairs ....” (QS Surah Āli ʿImrān (3):173]

At that moment, Allah gave a command to the fire itself:

 يٰنَارُ كُوْنِيْ بَرْدًا وَّسَلٰمًا عَلٰٓى اِبْرٰهِيْمَ ۙ

“ ... O fire, be cool and safe for Ibrahim.” (QS Al-Anbiya' 21:69)

And just like that, the blazing fire turned into peace and protection. Ibrahim stepped out — unharmed — not only physically, but spiritually stronger than ever.

This story teaches us that true belief is not just about agreeing with ideas — it's about trusting in Allah even when everything around you seems against you. Ibrahim (AS) was thrown into what should have been certain death, but his heart didn’t waver. His calm reliance shows us that when faith is firm, the impossible becomes possible.

Now, let me share with you a modern-day true story—simple but powerful—that shows how faith and belief can uplift a person even in our era. This story is often shared in Islamic circles to show how Allah answers sincere hearts.

A young Muslim woman living alone in a Western country once fell into serious financial hardship. She was working part-time to support herself while studying, and things suddenly became difficult when she lost her job. She had very little money left and just a few days until her rent was due. She tried everything — applied for jobs, asked friends for help, even spoke with her landlord — but nothing worked. As the rent deadline approached, fear and anxiety began to overwhelm her.

But instead of giving in to despair, she turned to her faith. On the night before rent was due, she performed tahajjud (the voluntary late-night prayer) and cried out to Allah in sujūd (prostration), sincerely saying:

    “Ya Allah, You are Ar-Razzāq, the Provider. I have no one else. I believe You can open a way for me from where I cannot imagine. Please help me.”

She went to sleep with peace in her heart, still unsure what would happen—but with complete tawakkul (reliance on Allah). The next morning, she received an unexpected email: she had been selected for a scholarship she had applied for months ago and forgotten about. Not only did it cover her tuition, but it also gave her a monthly living allowance—enough to pay the rent and live with ease.

She later shared her story in a gathering, saying: “That night, I didn’t just ask Allah with my words. I gave Him my heart.”

In today’s world of logic, contracts, and data, faith often feels like it doesn’t belong — but stories like this remind us that belief is a power that connects the seen with the unseen. While we must do our part, it’s faith that gives us calm in chaos, hope in the impossible, and trust in the unseen mercy of Allah.

From a scientific perspective, faith is often seen not in the same theological sense as in religion, but rather as a form of conviction or psychological confidence in something that may not yet be proven or visible. In psychology and cognitive science, faith can be understood as a cognitive process that helps humans cope with uncertainty, especially in situations where logic or evidence cannot provide full clarity. Researchers sometimes describe it as a form of trust—a mental state that allows individuals to function in the face of unknown outcomes. For example, when people have faith that a medical treatment will work, even if there’s uncertainty, that belief can contribute to better emotional resilience, and sometimes even recovery—a phenomenon explored in studies of the placebo effect.

However, from a philosophical perspective, faith takes on deeper and more layered meanings. Philosophers across traditions—both Western and Islamic—have explored faith as a kind of epistemic stance, meaning it relates to how we come to know or believe something. For instance, some philosophers argue that faith is not irrational, but trans-rational—it goes beyond reason without necessarily going against it. Thinkers like Søren Kierkegaard viewed faith as a leap—an existential commitment that requires courage, especially when evidence is incomplete or when reason reaches its limits. In Islamic philosophy, thinkers like Al-Ghazali wrestled with the idea of yaqīn (certainty) and īmān (faith), concluding that true faith is born when the heart affirms what the intellect accepts—a harmony between knowledge and spiritual experience.

Interestingly, both scientific and philosophical perspectives agree that faith is not just a passive state. It involves commitment, emotional resilience, and often, action. In both realms, faith is seen as something deeply human—something that allows people to hope, to love, to persist, and to find meaning, even in suffering or uncertainty. While science and philosophy may approach faith differently than religion, they still recognise it as a powerful inner force, capable of shaping human thought, behaviour, and endurance.

In Islam, faith (īmān) is far more than just belief—it is belief with the heart, affirmation with the tongue, and action with the limbs. It’s not blind or baseless; rather, it is deeply rooted in knowledge (‘ilm), reflection (tafakkur), and experience (ma‘rifah). The Qur’an itself repeatedly calls on believers to observe, think, reason, and reflect on the signs of Allah in the universe. So, contrary to the misconception that faith opposes reason, Islam considers sound intellect to be a faith pathway, not a barrier.

Now, linking this with the scientific perspective: Science sees faith as a cognitive mechanism—a kind of psychological trust that helps humans manage uncertainty or lack of control. While Islam doesn't reduce faith to a mental mechanism, it acknowledges that humans do experience trials of the unseen (al-ghayb), and that faith enables people to remain spiritually stable even when the outcomes are unknown. That’s why belief in the unseen (al-īmān bi al-ghayb) is central in Islam—it encourages trust in Allah even when His wisdom is hidden.

From a philosophical perspective, especially in existentialism or epistemology, faith is often about the tension between reason and meaning. In Islam, scholars like Al-Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyyah, and Ibn Sina have all explored the nature of belief, certainty (yaqīn), and doubt. Al-Ghazali, after experiencing a spiritual and intellectual crisis, concluded that true certainty comes not just through rational proofs, but through divine illumination (nur)—something that reason begins, but the heart completes.

So, Islam embraces the rational search for truth, but it also teaches that spiritual certainty is a divine gift, not just the result of logical deduction. In that way, Islam harmonizes the intellectual pursuit of philosophy and the trust-based resilience described in science, with the spiritual dimensions of revelation and worship.

In essence: Science sees faith as cognitive trust in uncertainty; Philosophy sees faith as a leap or conviction when reason reaches its edge; Islam sees faith as a fusion of knowledge, trust, love, and submission to the One who knows all things.

From a scientific perspective, belief is generally studied as a cognitive function of the brain. Scientists—particularly in the fields of neuroscience and psychology—view belief as a mental representation or judgment that a person holds to be true, whether or not it can be proven objectively. Beliefs help people interpret reality, make decisions, and form expectations about the world around them. In this sense, beliefs are not limited to religion—they can include beliefs about health, success, other people, or even ourselves.

Neuroscience has shown that beliefs are stored and processed in specific areas of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for higher-order thinking and decision-making. Interestingly, research has also shown that emotions play a major role in shaping and reinforcing beliefs—which is why two people can see the same evidence and come to very different conclusions. Belief, in this way, is not just about logic; it involves memory, emotion, personal experience, and social context.

Meanwhile, from a philosophical perspective, belief has been a central topic of debate for centuries. Philosophers ask: What does it mean to believe something? How is belief different from knowledge or opinion? One of the most famous definitions comes from Plato, who described knowledge as “justified true belief.” That is, to truly know something, a person must not only believe it and it must be true, but they must also have a justification for it. This definition, while debated and revised over time, laid the foundation for much of epistemology (the study of knowledge and belief).

Philosophers have also examined the moral and existential dimensions of belief. For example, William James argued that belief plays a vital role in human motivation and decision-making, especially when evidence is incomplete. Kierkegaard, on the other hand, emphasized belief as a deeply personal commitment, particularly in religious faith, calling it a “leap” that reason alone cannot explain.

So, both science and philosophy recognize belief as something fundamental to human experience—not just as a passive thought, but as an active mental and emotional state that shapes how we live, choose, and interact with the world. In both perspectives, belief is not always about having proof—it’s often about how we make sense of the unknown and what we choose to hold onto in the face of uncertainty.

Faith and belief are fundamental aspects of human experience because they provide direction, meaning, and resilience in life. These concepts help individuals navigate uncertainty, offering hope in times of difficulty and fostering confidence in their own abilities. Without them, life can feel aimless or disconnected.

Faith allows people to find purpose and meaning, whether through spirituality, personal principles, or a connection to something greater than themselves. Belief, on the other hand, strengthens their ability to overcome challenges and persist in the face of adversity. When people believe in themselves or in a higher purpose, they are often more motivated to take action, strive for progress, and make positive changes in the world.

Moreover, faith and belief foster a sense of peace and emotional stability. Believing in something beyond one's immediate struggles can provide comfort and assurance, reducing anxiety and fear. These concepts also play a crucial role in building connections between individuals and communities, encouraging unity and shared values.

Faith and belief are irreplaceable because they shape how people approach life, make decisions, and interact with the world around them. They are not just abstract ideas but essential guiding forces that influence personal growth and societal progress.

[Part 5]

[Part 3]

Bahasa

Is The US's Dominance Declining?

The idea that the United States no longer dominates the world as it once did—an idea echoed by Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong—is supported by several developments in global affairs. While the U.S. remains a powerful and influential country, its unchallenged supremacy, particularly in the post-Cold War era, is gradually being eroded by the rise of other nations and shifts in international dynamics.

One of the most significant factors behind this change is the rise of China. Economically, China has grown at an extraordinary pace over the past few decades, and by some measures, such as purchasing power parity, it has surpassed the United States in terms of overall economic output. Furthermore, China has become increasingly assertive on the global stage, pursuing ambitious initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative, expanding its military capabilities, and seeking greater influence in international institutions. These moves signal a clear intent to reshape the global order in ways that reduce U.S. dominance.

In addition to the rise of China, internal divisions within the United States have also contributed to a perceived decline in its global leadership. Increasing political polarization, especially visible in events such as the January 6th Capitol riot, has raised questions about the stability of American democracy. Moreover, shifts in foreign policy between administrations—such as the dramatic changes from Obama to Trump to Biden—have made some allies uncertain about America's long-term commitments, further weakening its leadership position.

The U.S. has also experienced setbacks in its foreign interventions. The withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021, after nearly two decades of conflict, was widely viewed as a failure to achieve long-term strategic goals. Similarly, the invasion of Iraq in 2003 led to instability in the region and contributed to the emergence of extremist groups like ISIS, diminishing the credibility of U.S. military interventions.

Another aspect that supports the claim of waning U.S. dominance is the growing discontent among countries in the Global South. Many of these nations have criticised the current international system—largely shaped by the U.S. and its allies—as unfair or overly Western-centric. In response, new coalitions such as BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) have emerged, aiming to provide alternative models of cooperation and financial institutions, thus challenging the U.S.-led global order.

Even in the realm of technology, where the U.S. has long held an advantage through giants like Google, Apple, and Microsoft, there are signs of increasing competition. Chinese tech companies like Huawei, TikTok, and Alibaba have made significant global inroads, demonstrating that technological innovation is no longer the exclusive domain of Silicon Valley.

That said, the United States remains an incredibly powerful country. Its military capabilities are unmatched, the U.S. dollar continues to serve as the world’s primary reserve currency, and American culture—through movies, music, and media—still exerts a profound influence around the globe. Additionally, U.S. universities and research institutions remain world leaders in science and innovation.

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore has articulated several reasons for his assessment that the United States no longer maintains the same level of global dominance it once did. His observations stem from shifts in U.S. foreign policy, internal political dynamics, and the evolving international landscape.​

One of the primary factors he highlights is the United States' retreat from its traditional role in upholding the global order. PM Lee notes that the U.S. has become more inward-looking, adopting a transactional approach to international relations. This shift is evident in actions such as the imposition of tariffs as a preferred policy tool and the withdrawal from multilateral commitments like the World Health Organisation and the Paris Agreement on climate change. Such moves signal a departure from the U.S.'s previous stance of underwriting global stability and predictability. ​

Additionally, PM Lee points to internal challenges within the United States, including political divisions and a narrowing definition of national interests. These domestic issues have led to a foreign policy that is less engaged with global affairs, further diminishing the U.S.'s influence on the world stage. ​

CNA

Furthermore, PM Lee observes that the U.S.'s failure to ratify significant trade agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), undermines its credibility and leadership in Asia. In contrast, China has been actively engaging with other nations, offering attractive incentives and expanding its influence. This dynamic suggests a shift in the balance of power, with the U.S. ceding ground to emerging powers in critical regions.

​In his speeches, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong has expressed concerns about the "double standards" observed in international relations, particularly in the context of the United States' policies. He highlights how the U.S. often applies different standards to itself and other countries, which can undermine its credibility and the effectiveness of international agreements. For instance, the U.S. has sometimes imposed sanctions on other nations for actions it itself has undertaken or has been involved in, raising questions about fairness and consistency in its foreign policy. Additionally, PM Lee notes that the U.S. has occasionally withdrawn from multilateral agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Paris Agreement on climate change, which were initially championed by the U.S., leading to perceptions of inconsistency and unreliability among its allies and partners. These actions contribute to a sense of double standards, where the U.S. expects compliance from others while not always adhering to the same principles itself. PM Lee's observations underscore the importance of maintaining consistent and fair policies in international relations to uphold trust and cooperation among nations.

Although the United States no longer holds uncontested dominance over the world, it remains highly influential and dominant in several key areas. Its military power is unmatched, with the most technologically advanced armed forces and the largest defence budget in the world. This allows the U.S. to project power globally, maintain a vast network of military bases, and influence security dynamics in nearly every region.

Economically, the U.S. continues to play a central role in the global financial system. The U.S. dollar remains the world’s primary reserve currency, used in the majority of international transactions and held by central banks across the globe. American financial institutions and stock markets also continue to be among the largest and most influential in the world.

In the field of technology and innovation, the U.S. still leads with companies like Apple, Google, Microsoft, and Amazon setting global standards in digital infrastructure, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing. American universities and research institutions are also among the best globally, attracting top talent and producing groundbreaking research.

Culturally, the United States maintains significant soft power through its entertainment industry. Hollywood films, American music, fashion, and lifestyle trends have a global reach, shaping tastes, opinions, and cultural norms in many countries.

Therefore, while the U.S. may now be sharing the global stage with rising powers such as China, it still holds a dominant position in military strength, financial influence, technological innovation, and cultural impact. Its power is more contested, but far from diminished.

Is China capable of surpassing the United States?

China’s rise as a global power has been remarkable in recent decades, but it is more complex to determine whether it can truly surpass or challenge the U.S. in all domains.

In terms of economic power, China is certainly a formidable competitor. It has become the world's second-largest economy and has rapidly increased its global influence through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). China's manufacturing sector, technological advancements, and massive consumer market make it a critical player in global trade and finance. The Chinese government’s strategic investments in industries like artificial intelligence, 5G technology, and green energy demonstrate its ambitions to lead in future technologies. China's focus on innovation, especially in high-tech fields, is narrowing the technological gap with the U.S.

However, in several important areas, the United States maintains a significant edge. For example, the U.S. continues to dominate the high-tech sector, particularly in software, digital services, and cutting-edge research. Silicon Valley remains the epicenter of global innovation, and American companies such as Apple, Microsoft, and Google continue to set global standards in technology. Moreover, the United States has a much more established network of alliances through organizations like NATO, while China’s global alliances are less entrenched and rely more on economic leverage rather than military or strategic partnerships.

Militarily, the U.S. still holds a clear advantage. Its defence budget is the largest in the world, and its military is technologically superior with a global presence. While China’s military has rapidly modernised and is now the largest standing army, it does not yet possess the same global reach or technological capabilities as the U.S. The U.S. also has extensive military alliances, such as with Japan, South Korea, and NATO, further bolstering its global influence.

On the cultural front, the U.S. also holds an unparalleled position. Through its global media, entertainment industry, universities, and soft power, the U.S. continues to shape global culture and values. While China’s cultural influence is growing, especially in Asia, it does not have the same universal appeal or reach as American culture.

In terms of soft power, the U.S. leads in attracting global talent, its educational institutions remain top-tier, and its entertainment industry—especially Hollywood—has a vast global audience. In contrast, while China is attempting to increase its soft power through initiatives like the Confucius Institutes, it faces significant challenges, including resistance in some parts of the world due to its political system and human rights concerns.

China’s internal challenges play a significant role in limiting its ability to become a fully dominant power on the global stage. Despite its rapid economic rise, China faces several issues that constrain its influence, both domestically and internationally.

One of the major internal challenges is its political system, which is based on one-party rule by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). While this system has provided stability and allowed for rapid economic growth, it also limits political freedoms and suppresses dissent. The lack of political freedoms and human rights concerns is are source of criticism both within China and from the international community. These issues can lead to domestic unrest, and they affect China's global image, especially in democratic nations that prioritise individual freedoms and human rights.

Additionally, the Chinese economy, while powerful, is facing structural challenges. Despite being the world’s second-largest economy, it remains heavily reliant on state-owned enterprises and is still in the process of transitioning from a manufacturing-driven model to a consumption-based economy. The ongoing debt crisis, particularly within local governments and real estate sectors, poses a significant risk to long-term economic stability. Furthermore, China’s ageing population is another growing concern, which could lead to a shrinking workforce and increased pressure on its pension system in the coming decades.

China also struggles with environmental issues. Rapid industrialisation has led to severe air pollution, water shortages, and other environmental degradation. While the government is taking steps to address these issues through green energy initiatives and environmental regulations, it is still grappling with the balance between economic growth and sustainable development. These environmental problems not only harm the quality of life for Chinese citizens but also create challenges for the government’s long-term planning and global leadership aspirations.

Corruption in China is a significant challenge that has been deeply embedded in the political, economic, and social fabric of the country. It has existed for centuries, but in recent decades, it has become a prominent issue that the government has acknowledged and tried to address through a series of high-profile anti-corruption campaigns. However, despite these efforts, corruption remains a major problem in both the public and private sectors, and it can take several forms.

One of the most common types of corruption in China is bribery. This can occur between government officials and business leaders or between officials in various levels of government. Bribes may be offered to secure contracts, bypass regulations, or gain favourable treatment. Another type is embezzlement, where government officials or employees of state-owned enterprises (SOES) misuse public funds for personal gain. Nepotism and cronyism are also widespread, with family members, friends, or political allies being given lucrative government contracts or business opportunities without the necessary qualifications.

Corruption within China’s state-owned enterprises (SOES) is particularly notable. These enterprises are often intertwined with the government, and it is common for employees to engage in corrupt practices to maximise personal wealth while maintaining loyalty to the Party. Local officials, especially those in regions with less oversight, have also been known to engage in corrupt practices such as colluding with local businesses for mutual benefit. The opacity of China’s political system and lack of independent oversight contribute to the perpetuation of such corrupt practices.

The Chinese government has taken strong actions against corruption, especially under President Xi Jinping, who launched an anti-corruption campaign in 2012. The campaign has led to the investigation and punishment of thousands of officials at various levels, from local leaders to high-ranking members of the Communist Party. Despite these efforts, critics argue that the anti-corruption campaign is selective and often used as a tool to target political rivals within the Party, rather than being a genuine attempt to eradicate corruption across the board.

In terms of the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI), China ranks 66th out of 180 countries as of the 2024 report, with a score of 42 out of 100. This reflects a moderate level of perceived corruption, with serious concerns about government accountability, the independence of the judiciary, and the overall transparency of the political and business environments.

When comparing China’s corruption levels with the United States, it is clear that the U.S. generally performs better in terms of perceived corruption. According to the same CPI report, the U.S. ranks 25th, with a score of 67 out of 100. While the U.S. does experience corruption, particularly in lobbying, political donations, and corporate influence over public policy, it has more robust legal systems and checks and balances to address corruption. However, there are still significant concerns about the influence of money in politics, with wealthy donors and corporations having substantial sway over political decisions, particularly through lobbying and campaign finance practices.

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What about corruption in Indonesia?

According to the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI), Indonesia has a lower score compared to China, reflecting a higher perceived level of corruption in Indonesia. In the 2024 CPI report, Indonesia ranks 102nd out of 180 countries with a score of 39 out of 100, while China ranks 66th with a score of 42 out of 100.

Although Indonesia's score is slightly lower than China's, both countries still show relatively high levels of perceived corruption. A score below 50 indicates that corruption remains a significant issue in both countries, and the public perception of government integrity is relatively low.

In general, Indonesia faces significant challenges with corruption, despite efforts to improve the situation through institutions such as the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). However, many sectors of government, both at the central and regional levels, remain vulnerable to corrupt practices. Inconsistent law enforcement and political influence in policymaking often exacerbate this problem.

Corruption in Indonesia takes many forms, affecting both the public and private sectors, and is deeply embedded in various aspects of the political and economic systems. Similar to China, one of the most prevalent types of corruption is bribery, where private individuals or businesses offer money or gifts to public officials to gain an advantage, such as securing government contracts or avoiding legal penalties. This form of corruption is particularly common in sectors like construction, licensing, and local governance.

Another significant type of corruption in Indonesia is embezzlement, which occurs when public officials or employees of state-owned enterprises misuse public funds or assets for personal gain. This type of corruption often takes place in the management of public budgets or in the misuse of aid funds that should be used for public welfare but are diverted for private or group interests.

Nepotism and cronyism are also widespread, where positions of power or government contracts are awarded to family members, friends, or political allies without regard to their qualifications. These practices undermine the quality of governance and economic growth, as individuals without the necessary expertise or experience receive opportunities based solely on personal connections rather than merit.

Abuse of power is another common form of corruption in Indonesia. This occurs when public officials misuse their authority for personal gain or to benefit specific groups, often at the expense of the public interest. It may involve making decisions that lack transparency or using one’s position to acquire material benefits.

Collusion is also a serious issue, where two or more parties, either government officials or private sector entities, work together illegally to manipulate systems or processes for personal benefit. This is particularly common in bidding or procurement processes, where companies may conspire with officials to win contracts through fraudulent means.

Facilitation payments, which are smaller bribes given to speed up or ease the provision of public services, also constitute a form of corruption. While these payments may seem minor compared to larger bribes, they contribute to the broader culture of corruption in bureaucratic systems.

Extortion occurs when officials or individuals use their power to force others into giving money or goods in exchange for special treatment or to avoid negative consequences. This form of corruption is often seen at lower levels of government or within businesses that depend on permits or government control.

Back to China's internal problem. There are significant social issues in China, including rising income inequality between rural and urban areas. Despite significant progress in poverty reduction, the wealth gap continues to widen, leading to social unrest and dissatisfaction among the poorer segments of the population. This inequality also limits domestic consumption, which is vital for sustaining economic growth.

China's geopolitical ambitions, particularly in areas like Taiwan and the South China Sea, create tensions with neighbouring countries and the global community. While China’s military power has grown, these territorial disputes contribute to regional instability, which may hinder its ability to establish long-term dominance globally. The growing tensions with the United States, particularly in trade and technology, further complicate China’s path to becoming a dominant global leader.

In conclusion, while China has made incredible strides economically and militarily, its internal challenges—ranging from political and social issues to economic and environmental problems—continue to limit its ability to project global dominance. These internal struggles, coupled with growing international scrutiny, pose significant obstacles to China’s ambitions on the world stage.

Something is interesting in Singapore PM Lee’s speech. The Prime Minister's speech highlighted the shifting dynamics of global power and influence, reflecting a world where the dominance of the United States is increasingly being challenged. While the U.S. still retains significant power, particularly in military, economic, and cultural spheres, the rise of other global players, especially China, has reshaped the international order. PM Lee emphasised the importance of recognising the complexities of global power relations, where no single nation can solely dictate the future. He pointed out that while the U.S. remains influential, its relative dominance is no longer as absolute as it once was. The increasing interconnectedness of the world, along with the rising assertiveness of countries like China and regional shifts, calls for a more nuanced approach to international relations. Furthermore, the speech underscored the growing importance of multilateralism, cooperation, and diplomacy in navigating this new global landscape.

Ultimately, while China is certainly a rising power with tremendous economic and military potential, it faces significant challenges in matching the United States across all dimensions. The U.S. has a more deeply rooted global influence, particularly in terms of its technological leadership, military alliances, and cultural impact. China’s rise will likely continue to challenge U.S. dominance, but overtaking it across all sectors is a long-term and uncertain prospect.

To conclude, immerse yourself in the poetic beauty of Bread’s classic, 'Aubrey,' and let its evocative lyrics speak to your soul,

But where was June?

No, it never came around.

If it did, it never made a sound.

Maybe I was absent or was listening too fast,

Catching all the words, but then the meaning going past.

[Bahasa]

Reactions, Responses and Value Conflicts

Wow, what a groundbreaking achievement! The video of "Mr. VP" on downstreaming has managed to defy all laws of mathematics and logic by garnering more likes than actual viewers. Truly, this is the pinnacle of digital success- who needs genuine engagement when you can just buy applause?

It’s fascinating to see how the magic of paid buzzers turns invisible audiences into enthusiastic fans. Why bother with pesky things like authentic interest or meaningful content when you can simply inflate numbers and create the illusion of popularity? After all, in the age of social media, perception is reality-even if that reality is as thin as a ghost’s like button.

One can only admire the efficiency: a handful of clicks here, a few paid thumbs-up there, and voilà! Instant viral sensation without the burden of actual viewership. It’s like applauding a play nobody watched or cheering for a game that never happened.

So here’s to "Vivivavi"—a content that taught us that in the digital world, it’s not about who watches, but who’s willing to fake it till they make it.

In our daily lives, the way we handle situations often shapes the quality of our relationships, decisions, and overall well-being. At the heart of this lies a crucial distinction between two seemingly similar concepts: reactions and responses. While both are ways we act upon external events or stimuli, they differ significantly in their nature, timing, and impact. Understanding the difference between reacting impulsively and responding thoughtfully can empower us to navigate challenges more effectively, communicate more clearly, and foster healthier interactions.

A reaction is an immediate, automatic, and often emotional reply to a situation or stimulus. It usually happens without much thought or consideration. Reactions are typically driven by instinct, habits, or emotions, and they occur almost instantly after an event. For example, if someone insults you and you instantly shout back in anger, that is a reaction.

A reaction is typically immediate, automatic, and driven by emotions or instincts. It often occurs without much thought or reflection, triggered by a stimulus that demands quick action. For example, feeling anger and snapping at someone who criticises you is a reaction. Reactions are usually impulsive and can sometimes lead to misunderstandings or conflict because they may not consider the full context or consequences.

A response, on the other hand, is a more thoughtful and deliberate reply to a situation. It involves pausing, considering the circumstances, and choosing the best way to act or speak. Responses are guided by reasoning, self-control, and awareness of the possible consequences. For instance, if someone insults you and you take a moment to calm yourself before replying in a composed and respectful manner, that is a response.

A response involves a deliberate and thoughtful process. It requires pausing to assess the situation, managing emotions, and choosing an action that aligns with one’s values and goals. Responding allows for better communication, problem-solving, and emotional regulation. Instead of immediately reacting to criticism, a person who responds might take a moment to understand the feedback, consider its validity, and reply calmly. This mindful approach fosters respect, empathy, and constructive dialogue.

Developing the ability to respond rather than react is a skill that can be cultivated through self-awareness and practice. It involves recognising emotional triggers, practising patience, and reflecting on the impact of one’s actions. In both personal and professional settings, mastering this distinction can lead to healthier relationships, improved decision-making, and greater resilience in the face of challenges.

The key difference between a reaction and a response lies in the level of awareness and control involved. A reaction is typically immediate and automatic, often driven by emotions or instincts without conscious thought. It happens quickly in response to a stimulus and is usually impulsive. Because reactions are spontaneous, they may not take into account the full context or possible consequences, which can sometimes lead to misunderstandings or conflicts.

In contrast, a response is a deliberate and thoughtful action. It involves pausing to assess the situation, managing one’s emotions, and choosing a course of action that aligns with personal values and goals. Responses are more controlled and intentional, allowing for clearer communication and more constructive outcomes. Responding thoughtfully helps to foster empathy, respect, and effective problem-solving.

So, while reactions are quick and emotional, responses are measured and reasoned. Developing the ability to respond rather than react can improve relationships, decision-making, and emotional resilience.

A reaction happens because it is an immediate, automatic response to a stimulus, often triggered by strong emotions, instincts, or deeply ingrained habits. When someone feels threatened, surprised, or emotionally charged, their brain and body respond quickly without much conscious thought. This is a survival mechanism that allows people to act swiftly in situations that might require urgent action, such as danger or conflict. However, because reactions are so fast and instinctive, they may not always consider the broader context or long-term consequences.

On the other hand, a response is carried out because it involves conscious thought, reflection, and self-control. When a person chooses to respond, they take a moment to pause, assess the situation, regulate their emotions, and decide on the most appropriate action based on their values and goals. Responses are typically more measured and thoughtful, aiming for constructive outcomes and better communication. People respond, rather than react, when they want to ensure their actions align with their intentions and when they seek to maintain healthy relationships or resolve conflicts effectively.

The main differences between responses and reactions in everyday situations involve the level of thought, timing, emotional control, and impact on outcomes.

A reaction is usually immediate and automatic, happening almost instantly after a trigger without conscious thought or consideration. It is instinctive and driven by emotion, often serving as a short-term release of discomfort or a defence mechanism. In contrast, a response is slower and more deliberate. It involves pausing, thinking through the situation, and making a conscious choice about the best course of action.

Reactions are typically emotional and impulsive, often influenced by past experiences or subconscious triggers. They can escalate conflicts or create negative consequences because they prioritise immediate emotional relief over long-term outcomes. Responses, on the other hand, are rational and controlled. They involve analysing the situation, considering possible outcomes, and choosing words or actions that align with your values and goals.

Reactions often lead to regret or further problems, as they may be aggressive, defensive, or counterproductive in the long run. Responses are solution-oriented and constructive, aiming to improve the situation or resolve conflict thoughtfully and effectively. So, if someone insults you and you immediately snap back in anger, that's a reaction. If you pause, consider your feelings and the context, and then reply calmly or choose not to engage, that's a response.

You can practice responding more thoughtfully in everyday situations by adopting several practical strategies that help you pause, reflect, and choose your actions deliberately instead of reacting impulsively.

When you notice yourself feeling triggered or emotionally charged, take a brief pause and focus on your breath. Even a single deep breath can give you the space to calm your initial reaction and allow your mind to process the situation more clearly

Regular mindfulness exercises-such as meditation, mindful walking, or body scans-can increase your awareness of your thoughts and emotions. This awareness helps you recognise when you’re about to react and allows you to choose a more thoughtful response

Before replying in a conversation, take a moment to reflect on what you want to say and its potential impact. This helps ensure your response aligns with your intentions and values

Pay attention to situations or topics that tend to provoke strong reactions in you. By becoming aware of your triggers, you can prepare yourself to respond more thoughtfully when they arise

Instead of immediately defending your position, ask clarifying questions and listen carefully to the other person’s perspective. This not only shows respect but also gives you more information to form a constructive response

Keep a journal to reflect on situations where you reacted impulsively. Analyze what triggered your reaction and consider alternative ways you could have responded. This practice builds self-awareness and helps you improve over time

Practice responding in challenging scenarios with a friend or therapist. Role-playing can help you build confidence and develop better strategies for handling real-life situations thoughtfully

Learn and use stress management techniques like deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, or visualisation. Lowering your stress levels can make it easier to pause and respond thoughtfully, even under pressure

Start your day by setting intentions about how you want to handle difficult interactions. Reminding yourself of your goals can keep you focused on responding thoughtfully throughout the day

If you feel overwhelmed, step away from the situation for a moment. A short break can help you regain composure and approach the situation with a clearer mind

By consistently practising these techniques, you can shift from reacting impulsively to responding thoughtfully, leading to better communication, stronger relationships, and improved emotional well-being.

However, the things that have been put forward will be very different from the case of The VP's content videos. Let's try to pay attention.

The video "Giliran Kita" by the VP, which has more dislikes than likes, can indeed be seen as a form of public response rather than a mere reaction. The high number of dislikes compared to likes and the large volume of comments indicate that the audience is not simply reacting impulsively but engaging critically with the content. This suggests a conscious evaluation or response from viewers who are expressing dissatisfaction or disagreement with the message or the messenger.

The public’s negative response is linked to doubts about Gibran’s credibility on the topic of bonus demography, especially given his previous admission of not liking to read and perceived lack of intellectual preparation. This fuels a thoughtful response where viewers question the authenticity and seriousness of the video rather than just reacting emotionally. Many observers interpret the video as a political image-building effort targeting young people, which leads to a strategic response from the audience. The public’s dislike can be seen as a critique of perceived political motives rather than just an emotional outburst.

Comments and discussions around the video emphasise demands for genuine action and solutions rather than mere rhetoric, reflecting a mature, issue-focused response from the public. The disproportionate dislikes reflect a broader value conflict between the public’s expectations for authentic leadership and the perceived superficiality of political messaging. This response signals a challenge to Vivivavi’s political legitimacy and credibility.

The predominance of dislikes over likes on the VP’s "Giliran Kita" video is best understood as a response, conscious, critical, and value-driven engagement from the public expressing scepticism, disappointment, and demand for authenticity and real leadership, rather than a mere impulsive reaction.

A value conflict occurs when there is a disagreement or clash between individuals or groups due to differences in their systems of values, beliefs, principles, or norms. This conflict arises when the values that one party holds as important or true contradict the values held by another party, leading to tension, disputes, or disagreements in social relationships.

Value conflicts are a natural part of social life because people and groups often have different beliefs, attitudes, needs, and goals. Such conflicts can happen in various contexts, including organisations, communities, and between cultures, and they often involve struggles over status, power, or limited resources.

In simple terms, a value conflict emerges when there is a mismatch between what different parties consider right, good, or important, causing disagreements that can be either open or hidden. While value conflicts can sometimes lead to negative outcomes, if managed well, they can become a source of creativity, positive change, and deeper understanding between differing parties.

In Indonesia, the situation involving the retired generals’ demand to replace the Vice President clearly reflects a value conflict. This conflict arises from fundamentally different beliefs and principles regarding legality, legitimacy, governance, and political ethics.

At the core of this conflict is the value of constitutional integrity and rule of law. The retired generals emphasise strict adherence to legal procedures and constitutional provisions, particularly concerning the legitimacy of political appointments. They view the Constitutional Court’s decision as a violation of legal norms, which threatens the foundation of lawful governance. For them, upholding the constitution is paramount and non-negotiable.

On the other hand, the current political leadership and its supporters may prioritise political pragmatism and continuity, focusing on stability, political alliances, and practical governance over strict legal formalism. This difference in prioritising legal principles versus political expediency creates tension.

Furthermore, there is a value conflict regarding political independence and anti-corruption. The retired generals express concern about the influence of former President Mulyono’s circle within the current administration, which they perceive as undermining clean governance and political renewal. This reflects a clash between the value of political transparency and accountability versus the reality of entrenched political networks.

This conflict is not merely about personalities but about competing visions of how government should function: one based on strict legal and ethical standards, and the other more flexible, possibly accommodating political realities.

So, the retired generals’ demand for the Vice President’s replacement highlights a deep value conflict between constitutional legality and political pragmatism, as well as between demands for clean governance and existing political power structures.

The concerns of these retired generals are further confirmed by the content of the VP's next video about Hilirasi. It can be analysed through the lens of the difference between reaction and response. The disproportionate number of likes compared to viewers, especially when artificially inflated by paid buzzers, suggests a reaction rather than a genuine, thoughtful engagement. This kind of reaction is often automatic, driven by external incentives (such as payment) rather than a conscious, informed decision to support or engage with the content. It is a surface-level engagement that does not reflect a deep understanding or meaningful consideration of the message.

A response involves deliberate thought, weighing the content, and considering its implications before engaging. It reflects an internal cognitive and emotional process where the individual consciously decides how to react, often considering longer-term impacts and values. In this case, the use of paid buzzers to generate likes bypasses this process, indicating the absence of genuine, mindful responses.

According to social media engagement theory, reactions such as likes, comments, or emojis are forms of engagement but can be either authentic or manipulated. When engagement is artificially boosted, it becomes a form of impulsive reaction, not a true response that reflects audience sentiment or thoughtful interaction.

As explained in psychological perspectives, reactions are often driven by subconscious biases or external stimuli and happen quickly without reflection. Responses, however, are slower and involve conscious regulation of emotions and thoughts. The scenario you describe fits the pattern of reaction: a quick, possibly orchestrated act to create an impression rather than a considered response.

The inflated "likes" on the video, likely driven by buzzers, exemplify a reaction rather than a response. It is a superficial, immediate engagement motivated by external factors, lacking the thoughtful, deliberate consideration that characterises a true response. This distinction highlights how social media metrics can sometimes misrepresent genuine public opinion or engagement, reflecting reactive behaviours rather than mindful responses.

Value conflicts significantly influence both how people react and how they respond in interpersonal or social situations. When there is a clash of values-meaning differences in deeply held beliefs, principles, or goals-this can trigger strong emotional reactions because values are central to a person’s identity and worldview.

In terms of reactions, value conflicts often provoke immediate, emotional, and sometimes defensive or aggressive responses. Because values are closely tied to one’s sense of self and moral judgments, encountering opposing values can feel threatening or invalidating, leading to quick, instinctive reactions such as anger, frustration, or withdrawal. These reactions tend to be automatic and less controlled, reflecting the emotional intensity of the conflict.

On the other hand, responses to value conflicts involve a more deliberate and thoughtful process. A person who is aware of the value differences and manages to regulate their emotions may pause to understand the other party’s perspective, evaluate the situation, and choose a constructive way to engage. This thoughtful response can help reduce misunderstandings and foster dialogue, even when fundamental values differ. However, such responses require self-awareness, empathy, and communication skills, which are not always easy to apply in the heat of conflict.

What happened to the content of the VP's video is an early signal of a conflict of values ​​between the people and a public official. Early signs indicating the presence of value conflicts between the public and government officials often manifest as perceived conflicts of interest and distrust. One common early symptom is when the public begins to suspect that officials prioritise personal or group interests over the public good, leading to concerns about corruption, nepotism, or misuse of authority. This suspicion can arise from visible behaviours such as officials receiving gifts or gratuities, holding multiple positions simultaneously, or making decisions that appear biased or unfair.

Another early sign is the emergence of disagreements and disputes over policies or decisions, especially when these policies seem to ignore or conflict with the values, needs, or expectations of the community. Such disagreements often stem from differences in how values are prioritised or interpreted by officials versus the public. For example, when public policies are developed in a technocratic or elitist manner without sufficient public engagement, it can exacerbate value conflicts and lead to social tensions.

Value conflicts can significantly affect public trust in government by fueling political polarisation and social tensions. When the values held by government officials differ sharply from those of the public, it often leads to a perception that the government is out of touch or acting against the people’s interests. This perception undermines trust, as citizens feel that their core beliefs and needs are ignored or marginalised. For example, political polarisation caused by conflicting ideologies or interests can make it difficult for society to reach consensus, increasing social conflict and reducing confidence in government institutions.

Moreover, when government actions are seen as favouring certain groups or involving unethical practices like corruption or lack of transparency, public distrust deepens. This erosion of trust hampers cooperation between citizens and the government, making it harder to implement policies effectively and slowing down development. The decline in trust can also lead to public apathy, where people disengage from political processes such as elections, weakening democratic participation and governance legitimacy.

So, a discrepancy between the number of likes and actual viewers on the video by the VP—can indeed be interpreted as a form of value conflict between the Indonesian public and the Vice President.

This conflict arises because the public’s values emphasise authenticity, transparency, and genuine engagement, while the artificial inflation of likes through paid buzzers or other means contradicts these values. Such a situation creates a perception that the government or its representatives are prioritising image management or political gain over honest communication and accountability. This clash reflects a deeper social tension where the public demands sincerity and meaningful participation, but experiences what feels like manipulation or superficiality instead.

From a social construction perspective, as discussed in discourse analysis theories like those of Peter L. Berger and Teun A. Van Dijk, knowledge and social realities are constructed through communication and shared meanings. When the public perceives that the official narrative or media portrayal is constructed artificially as by inflating likes without real viewership challenges the legitimacy of that narrative and creates cognitive dissonance. This dissonance fuels skepticism and distrust, which are hallmarks of value conflicts.

Moreover, the conflict is intensified by the diversity of perceptions in society, shaped by different educational backgrounds, political interests, and social contexts. Some groups may accept or support the official message, while others reject it as inauthentic or manipulative. This fragmentation underscores the value conflict, as differing interpretations of what constitutes honesty, legitimacy, and public service clash.

In summary, the phenomenon of disproportionate likes versus viewers on the "VP's" video symbolises a value conflict between the public’s demand for genuine engagement and the perceived artificiality of the government’s communication strategy. This conflict reflects broader issues of trust, transparency, and social legitimacy in the relationship between Indonesian society and its leaders.

And as a closing, let's sing Bread's song, Aubrey—this song is very melancholic and touching, often interpreted as a reflection on platonic love, a love that only lives in imagination and memories, not in reality. We'll start from,

But who’s to blame?

For a love that wouldn’t bloom

For the hearts that never played in tune.

Like a lovely melody that everyone can sing,

Take away the words that rhyme, it doesn’t mean a thing.

[Bahasa]